Subclavian vein

thoracic duct arises from the cisterna chyli at the level of L2 (Fig. 2.A). It ascends on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies between the aorta and the azygous vein. It crosses to the left side at the level of T4-T7, where it lies between the thoracic aorta and the oesophagus. The duct eventually ends by opening into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins (Fig. 2.A) (Gray, 1995). Its termination is highly variable as it may ends in the left internal jugular vein, left subclavian vein, left external jugular vein or left brachiocephalic vein (Langford et al., 1999). The thoracic duct is joined by several tributaries throughout its length (Fig. 2.B). These include ascending upper intercostal trunks, posterior intercostal collectors draining the lower intercostal spaces and direct tributaries collecting lymph from thoracic organs (Murakami et al., 2002). On the right side, there is a small duct (the right lymphatic duct) (Fig. 2.B).It results from the confluence of three lymphatic trunks: the right subclavian, the right jugular and the right bronchomediastinal trunks. The right lymphatic duct is usually in close association with the scalenus anterior muscle and, as the thoracic duct on the left side, it terminates in the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins (Fig. 2.B)(Brotons et al., 2012). Pleura and pleural spaces The visceral pleura has an extensive lymphatics of large capillaries that form a complex network drains…

Life long learning from a rare complication during subclavian venous cannulation Abstract- Placement of central venous cannulation (CVC) is generally a safe procedure but several complications like pneumothorax, arrhythmias, arterial puncture, infection and thrombosis may occur even in the experienced hands. Complications related to guide wire insertion or removal are very rare and mostly relate to expertise and knowledge of operating person. So here we report a rare but completely avoidable…

lymphatics. These converge to form one of two vessels called lymphatic trunks. One is the right lymphatic duct which drains the upper right portion of the body and returns the lymph to the bloodstream via the right subclavian vein. The other trunk is called the thoracic duct and drains the remaining part of the fluid into the left subclavian vein. The lymph is transported along the system of vessels by muscle contractions and the valves prevent the lymph from flowing backward. The vessels are…

internal jugular veins as well. As the external jugular veins descend through the lateral neck, they pass obliquely over the sternocleidomastoid muscles and then empty into the subclavian veins. The brachiocephalic vein a vein that returns oxygen-depleted blood from the upper limbs, neck, and head to the heart. There is a brachiocephalic vein on the left side of the neck and one on the right. The two brachiocephalic veins merge together with the azygos vein, which carries deoxygenated blood from…

Vascular access: Vascular access has a double lumen catheter located in the subclavian vein and artery in place. The caregiver removes the soiled dressing and assesses the site for infection. Once that 's completed the caregiver sterilizes it with a choraprep swab. The tubes are connected and the caregiver aspirates each port, then is flushed with normal saline before the beginning of the treatment. Previously, heparin was used but only nurses can administer it and now is only used if their is a…

and describe the organs and any other membranes that may have been affected by the first arrow.” The first arrow might have reached the pericardium and pericardial cavities on the posterior mediastinum and the posterior thoracic wall causing damage to the membranes in the vicinity. It is likely that it affected organs such as heart, the inferior vena cava, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This effect could have altered blood flow in the system, and internal bleeding experienced. …

Pulmo-cutanous arch- it divides into Pulmonary artery – it receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body and open into lungs. Cutanous artery- it supplies oxygenated blood to skin. Venous System of frog Blood vessels, which carry the deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the heart, are called veins. They constitute a system called venous system. Venous system of frog can be studied under too heading A) Systemic Venous System This system includes the three…

Beat of Another Drum Mr. Rembert is a 65- year old African American male that was transported by ambulance to this Las Vegas, Nevada long term acute care facility. The patient has a substantial history of cardiopulmonary difficulties with a chronic cough and has been diagnosed with COPD (a grouping of both chronic bronchitis and emphysema); Emphysema is injury to the alveoli which are the tiny sacs in the lungs that permit oxygen and carbon dioxide to interchange between the blood stream. This…

There are several causes of high blood pressure (Hypertension) some of which we do not have any direct control over, and yet we can still modify the effects of these factors by ensuring that we pay attention to the things that we do have some control, over. I will discuss both kinds on this page so that by the end you know exactly the kind of things you can easily change to reduce the risks associated with high blood pressure, and you know the things that you cannot change so easily and yet can…

D. PULSE PRESSURE INTRODUCTION The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. The systolic or top pressure is defined as the amount of pressure exerted on the blood vessels when the ventricle is contract (systole). The pressure is due to the force produced as the blood is ejected contacted with the blood vessel’s wall. On the other hand, the diastolic or bottom pressure is defined as the amount of pressure of the blood vessels when the heart is at rest…