Sitagliptin

Sitagliptin is a drug that has proven its effectiveness towards managing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease characterized by relative lack of insulin. It consists of insulin resistance as well as dysfunction of β-cells. Insulin resistance indicates that more insulin is required for normal body functioning along with decreased insulin concentration at all levels.4 This lowers the glucose transporter action associated with insulin deficiency.4 Malfunctioning of pancreatic β-cells, which causes impaired production of insulin, is another factor present in type 2 diabetes. Sitagliptin is a highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor; it exerts its actions in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by decelerating inactivation of incretin hormones and thus prolonging their actions.3 The function of incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is to regulate the glucose homeostasis.3 Incretin hormones are released during fasting state.3 After consumption of foods, activation of these hormones promotes insulin production and insulin release from pancreatic β-cells.3 The DPP-4 enzyme rapidly degrades these incretin hormones and causes the decrease of insulin in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.3 Sitagliptin selectively inhibits the DPP-4…

Januvia and Janumet are two of Merck & Co.'s (MRK) blockbuster drugs in its diabetes franchise. They're used to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The combined sales for these drugs were ~$1.3 billion for 1Q17, a ~5.0% fall from $1.4 billion in 1Q16. Chart - 006 - JJ Uses for Januvia and Janumet Januvia and Janumet, its combination version, are drugs classified as DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 is the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which removes incretin from the human body…

α-Glucosidase inhibitors are saccharides that act as competitive inhibitors of enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates specifically α-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of the small intestine. This inhibits the cleaving of di and oligosaccharides to monosaccharides, such as glucose prior to absorption. This delays the absorption of glucose and alters the release of glucose dependent intestinal hormones. Acrabose, Migltol (10) and Voglibases (11) have been extensively studied for their…

the company managed to produce the cure for cervical cancer and shingles that was once a deadly disease. MSD Blockbuster Drug – Janumet Janumet is an oral prescription drug that helps the patients to reduce blood sugar level in type 2 diabetic adults and it functions together with diet and exercise. Janumet consists of 2 active ingredients, the Sitagliptin and Metformin HCl. The tablet can help to reduce blood sugar level by targeting 3 factors. It assists the patient’s pancreas to produce…

differences between all of the three treatments. All three treatments reduced A1c levels and had weight loss benefits with similar side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Overall, the studies indicated a safe and effective monotherapy with dulaglutide.3 There were also few studies conducted to compare dulaglutide with placebo, sitagliptin, exenatide, and liraglutide in combination therapy with other oral antidiabetic medications. The randomized placebo-controlled trial included 262…

bleeding. Febrile states decrease body fluids by perspiration and increased respiration. Suppression of bone marrow and platelet production places patient at risk for spontaneous or uncontrolled bleeding this can lead to deficient fluid volume. A common manifestation of fluid loss is orthostatic hypotension. It is manifested by a 20-mm Hg drop in systolic BP and a 10 mm Hg drop in diastolic BP. Indirect indicators of fluid status or hydration Patient was losing small amounts of blood in…

The Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are one of the newest anti-hyperglycemic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conventional anti-hyperglycemic drugs exhibit inadequate efficacy, a short duration of activity, and side effects such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, and digestive symptoms. Therefore, these drugs are associated with problems regarding safety and tolerability. In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)…

unchanged in a reaction, the very presence of a catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction and results in full utilization of reactants involved in synthesis of a certain product. As energy input is diminished, the use of a catalyst results in less waste of energy, as well as less physical waste. Utilization of this principle has resulted in numerous advances in various fields, some of the most notable found in the pharmaceutical industry. One objective of the pharmaceutical industry is to…

was done. It revealed that medication reached peak plasma concentration roughly 1.5 hours after dose administered. The elimination half-life of empagliflozin is 12.4 hours. Patient treated with empagliflozin showed improvement in HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) and FPG (fasting plasma glucose) concentration. According to the study daily use of empagliflozin managed to improve body weight, systolic blood pressure and glycemic control. It also shows that overall medicine is well tolerated. It can be…

and fat cells more sensitive to insulin. The thiazolidinedione troglitazone (Rezulin) was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 2000 because it was found to cause liver damage in some people (Franklin and Rodgers, 2014) In 2005 the FDA approved exenatide, the first of a new class of Type 2 diabetes drugs called incretin mimetics. Exenatide is a synthetic version of a protein found in the saliva of the poisonous lizard known as the Gila Monster; an injectable, it works similarly to the human…