Senescence

Plants and animals can grow, survive and reproduce only within a specific range of climates and environments. Earth’s average temperature has risen by 1.5°F over the past century, and scientists predict that it will rise 0.5 to 8.6°F in the next hundred, or so years. Climate change can cause negative effects to the different environments on Earth. It can affect water supplies, agriculture, power and energy, transportation, and even the human race’s health and safety. Phenology is the timing of…

2. Introduction Nitrogen fertilizer can aid increase crop production and provide more food for the growing population. Since earlier ages, people has shown preoccupation about soil fertility and soil exhaustion (Strawn, Bohn, & O'Connor, 2015). Some management practices such as manure application or crop rotation were known by Chinese 3000 years ago (Strawn, Bohn, & O'Connor, 2015). However, it was just in the last-century that the crop yield increased dramatically. Improvements of hybrids, soil…

1. Introduction Cancer develops when mechanisms regulating cell division, proliferation and differentiation are lost. Most cells in the body can turn into malignant cells under specific conditions, but as the understanding about the mechanisms causing malignant tumors to develop increases, prospects for prevention, detection and treatment are improving correspondingly (Casey, 2012). The most common form of cancer in developed countries is non-melanoma skin cancer, while lung cancer causes the…

The uric acid, being an anti-oxidant has been regarded in delaying the senescence and ageing process [55]. The hypouricemic condition may facilitate diseases like multiple sclerosis [56]. The long term effects in the decrease in serum urate may sustain an increase in free radical product like MDA level, which may be linked to the neural-senescence promoting ability of arsenic [57]. The blocking of the molybdenum (Mo) center of xanthine oxidase by arsenic minimizes…

In the chapter titled, “Immortality,” Matt Ridley discusses the idea of the immortal cell theory. He presents some case studies as well as his own speculations. To began, he explains how the origin of the first cell is still alive in us today and although this is true it does not mean our species will live forever. The function of our life and all life is to reproduce but to get to that we have over came many challenges. On Chromosome 14, the presence of the TEP1 gene seems to be the source of…

Cancer is defined as a diverse state in which cells multiply, proliferate and spread through surrounding tissues. With all the different types of cancers we have, at least one originates from closely every cell type in the human body (Vogeistein and Kinzier,1992). Different influence can affect the processes of the cell cycle in both positive and negative ways. Tumor suppressor gene p53 is among the negative regulators of the cell cycle if affected by alteration, mutations or by interaction with…

Inevitable What is death? You most likely think this is a dumb question. A Wikipedia definition: “Death is the termination of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include biological aging (senescence), predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury.” (Wikipedia). There is more to this word than the given description. When someone dies, this leaves…

Downstream Targets Due to the lack of developing an effective Ras treatment, some have turned to targeting downstream effectors of Ras. Downstream effectors have a critical role in Ras carcinogenesis and are commonly found in KRAS mutated cancers. The most intensely targeted pathways are the Raf-MEK-ERK (MAPK) and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways. Raf-MEK-ERK MAPK signaling is initiated through receptor tyrosine kinases after their activation by growth factors (Mccubrey 2006). Once Ras is in its…

to properly diagnose the patient, various biological theories of aging must be analyzed and applied to the patient’s situation, allowing for an accurate detection of their illness. The biological theories of aging are largely based on the idea of senescence, suggesting that aging results in some form of deterioration. In this particular case, the deterioration affects the patient mentally, leading to memory disorders, personality changes, and/or impaired reasoning. These are often the result of…

increase in RBC destruction is correlated to the phagocytosis of iRBC and uninfected RBC (uRBC) due to proliferation and hyperactivity of macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system (RES).9 It was believed that uRBC loss is due to their premature senescence, with poor deformability inhibiting them from passing through the fenestrations of the splenic red pulp, thus makes them subject to phagocytosis.10 Whereas the decrease in erythropoiesis perhaps due to low concentration of interleukin 10…