Plant pathogens and diseases

Introduction In October 2006, commercial beekeepers began reporting hive losses of 30% to 90% and though colony losses are not unexpected after a winter season, it was however the degree of the losses that that sparked concerns (Usdagov, 2016). Honeybee disappearances have occurred periodically in the United States since the 1880’s, but the steady decline of the colonies since 1947 through 2005 has been worrisome. It is during that 58 year span, in which honeybee colonies declined from 5.9…

survival. “For example, changing irrigation practices can reduce pest problems, since too much water can increase root disease and weeds.” Mechanical and physical controls kill a pest directly or make the environment unsuitable for it. Traps for rodents are examples of mechanical control. Physical controls include mulches for weed management, steam sterilization of the soil for disease management, or barriers such as screens to keep birds or insects out. “Chemical control is the use of…

bioterrorism agents and are caused by microbial pathogens. Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. These pathogens are very dangerous and have been…

microbes and plants, introduced the Greek term ‘mycorrhiza’, which means ‘fungus roots’. Mycorrhizas are highly evolved symbiotic association between roots of most higher/vascular plants and certain specialized soil fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomyectes) that colonize the root cortex during periods of active plant growth both in the natural environment and in cultivation. This is a non-pathogenic peaceful relationship because on one side fungus provides nourishment to the plant and…

as 4000 B.C. It was not till the early 20th century that chlorination was implemented to distributing water systems in the U.S. Today, chlorination remains the most widespread method of purifying drinking water. Chlorine has eliminated waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid and dysentery. It also eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that grows in water supply reservoirs. Although, high concentrations of chlorine are toxic and lethal to humans, at controlled levels it has showed to be…

the local area around the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and what the future might hold for bees in the United States. Colony collapse disorder is a disease that causes worker bees to inexplicably not return to the hive resulting in abandonment and eventual death of the hive (PR Newswire, 2012). In fact, when this disease takes hold of a honeybee hive, there is a distinct lack of bees in and around the hive, dead or alive (Fries, 2014). So far, no single marker has been found that…

GAPDH is also known for its evolutionary significance specifically that it has roles in cellular function like nuclear RNA export and DNA replication and repair (Tatton et al. 2001). GAPDH has been found in apoptosis, neurodegenerative disease, and viral pathogens which is part of its biomedical significance (Tatton et al. 2001). In addition, Altenberg and Greulich (2004) claim that genes like GAPC that are involved in glycolysis have been…

SHOULD WATER CHLORINATION BE BANNED? The recorded deaths due to waterborne diseases have demonstrated that water treatment is critical. Thus, methods like water chlorination have been developed to achieve water quality. This procedure has exhibited notable decreases in diarrhoeal diseases, and has shown prolonged disinfecting effects on many microorganisms when used with ammonia. However, there exists protozoa that are resistant to chlorination, and such spores have led to outbreaks that…

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections and account for a significant part of the workload in clinical microbiology laboratories. E coli remains the most frequent cause of UTIs, although the distribution of pathogens that cause UTIs is…

or foreign, and “bios”, meaning life. Thus xenobiotics are exogenous chemicals which includes natural and synthetic chemicals. These can be pesticides, chemical vapors from automobiles, industrial chemicals, plastics, secondary plant metabolites, toxins produced by plants, molds and animals, food additives etc. Xenobiotics are considered as pollutants, but all the pollutants are not considered as xenobiotics. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)…