Plant pathogens and diseases

almost everywhere; in soil, water, food, plants, animals as they can survive in a range of extreme conditions. Bacteria are tiny, single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms belonging to Kingdom Monera. Bacteria cells lack a nucleus and other organelles bound by a membrane and are structured by many different features. Bacteria have a flagella, cell wall, cell…

ESKAPE pathogens are six organisms that bring a huge threat to human, because they are drug-resistance. Scientists have not found antibiotics that are effective since the pathogens are multi-drug resistance. Multi-drug resistance is top three on global public health that are mostly caused by nosocomial infections (hospital-acquired infection caused by bacteria, fungal and viral, parasites and other pathogens). The six pathogens are Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella…

Ageratum is derived from Greek word, which is “a geras” meaning non-aging, referring to the longevity of the flowers or the whole plant. The word “conyzoides” is derived from word “konyz” meaning resembles (M.X et al., 2016). Ageratum conyzoides is belongs to the Asteraceae family. Plant species in this family are herbaceous plants which trees and shrubs are rare. This plant is very common in West Africa and Asia. It has softly hairy stems and leaves, erect and branched annual weeds up to 80-90…

Enterococcus faecalis was placed under group D streptococci because of similar lysis characters; Identified as Gram positive, non-motile, anaerobic fermentative, lactic acid bacteria; are commensal inhabitant of intestinal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens. They occur singly or in pairs or chains. 1.2 Economic importance: Enterococcus faecalis is also used as a probiotic for production of Mediterranean cheese and meat products that is normally responsible for organoleptic nature of final…

considered.” This creates a lot of problems because an increase in UV radiation creates biological effects, or health effects, in a lot of organisms. The biological effects of excessive UV radiation due to ozone depletion effects the health of humans, plants, and animals. There are many human health problems due to an increased amount of UV radiation reaching the earth. For example,…

written a book on the process of meat packing plants that begs the question (Fast Food Nation). His work bears a remarkable similarity to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle written almost one hundred years ago. Schlosser wrote his book from a different approach but contains shocking information of how our meat is still processed today. He is rightly known as the Upton Sinclair of today. Schlosser went on a meat packing tour and explored the meat packing plant for himself (169). At the time of his…

Should Antibiotic Use in Livestock Continue? When we get sick we make a trip to the doctor and get prescribed medicine. One common form of medicine prescribed is antibiotics. In addition, this form of medicine is used in the raising of livestock, but at a much larger quantity at 70% of all antibiotic use (The Overuse). So, what if I told you that too much of that drug can lead to harmful effects in our world? The issue of whether antibiotics should be used in the raising of livestock or not has…

67 account for approximately ninety percent of microbial keratitis [1,2]. Predisposing 68 factors can be divided to four categories: extrinsic factors such as physical or chemical 69 trauma, ocular surface disease as tear-film deficiencies, corneal epithelial 70 abnormalities and systemic diseases as vitamin A deficiency [3,4]. 71 Bacterial keratitis may be caused either by Gram positive or Gram negative organisms. 72 Eighty percent of bacterial corneal ulcers are caused by S. pneumonia, S.…

gastroenteritis in the United States?”, by Floyd Frost, Twila Kunde, and Gunther Craun, published in the Journal of Environmental Health, October 2002, describes how due to the contamination of groundwater, from sources such as runoff and sewage treatment plant effluents, many studies have been conducted regarding human health risks from potential viruses in groundwater. Waterborne outbreaks often occur, and are probably caused by viruses in drinking water. Because viruses are hard to detect in…

According to the Kentucky Division of Water’s 1998 Report to Congress on Water Quality, approximately 33 percent of the rivers and streams in the state are impaired by high levels of pathogens due to improper waste disposal. The source of much of this pollution is the unpermitted discharge of untreated sewage from poorly maintained or failing septic systems. Some of these septic systems have failed drainage fields that leach septage directly…