Philosophical logic

Aristotle (384BC-322BC) was a Greek philosopher who is considered to be one of the greatest thinkers in the history of western philosophy and science. One of his most influential works is the Nicomachean Ethics, where he puts forward a theory of happiness that is still pertinent today. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a British philosopher who has had a considerable influence on contemporary moral and political philosophy. Both Aristotle and John Stuart Mill develop their ethical theories around…

In On Sense and Reference, Gottlob Frege analyzes the concept of identity statements. He aims to figure out what kind of relation equality is and solve an apparent puzzle that results from identity statements. Frege defines and uses the notions of sense and reference to explain the differences two types of identity claims, “a=a” and “a=b.” In this paper I will explain Frege’s puzzle and its application to identity statements and propositional attitude ascriptions. I will then give Frege’s…

David Hume was a well known Scottish philosopher who lived in the period of 1711-1776 and was greatly recognized for his empiricism and skepticism. He held a strong belief that the idea of knowledge is something practical, straightforward and clear, which essentially led to the formation of his famous “Copy Principle.” In his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Hume expands on the concepts of experience and senses as means of providing knowledge. Before analyzing the degree of validity of…

Memory plays significant role in eyewitness identification by retrieving the correct information, its performance should be sound, reliable and accurate for eyewitness line-up identification . There is a big difference between reliable memory and unreliable memory. Reliable memory however, is the consistency and justice, thus; accuracy in recalling coding/ decoding the right event from the past, and accurately identifying the right suspect as he / she ’s the right offender with…

In J.L. Austin’s Other Minds, Austin states that when one questions the speaker to verify the truthfulness of their statements, one asks the speaker to expand on their credentials and facts. Some also question the reality perceived by the speaker and the certitude of the speaker in his perceptions. Yet Austin insists that certain metaphysical questions that interrogates into the reality — whether the speaker is in the proper state of mind, whether the object is in its natural state, whether the…

Persuasive Essay A question asked for ages. Something that's kept great philosophers minds going. What makes us human? Is it our intellect? Perhaps our physical appearance? But, something many can agree on is that what just makes us so vulnerable, is the thing that mostly makes us human. It is our way of feeling and expressing emotion. Now, when most people think of what separates humans from animals, intellect might come to mind. Since we have our own language and can comprehend…

A man by the name of Haruki Murakami once said, “No matter how much time passes, no matter what takes place in the interim, there are some things we can never assign to oblivion, memories we can never rub away.” It is difficult to imagine that a man that lived over twenty four centuries ago still has no parallel competitor to the amount of influence that he had. The man’s name is Plato. A student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle, he founded one of the first advanced academic institution in…

What people ought to do is usually associated with what people have most reason to do. Reasoning is a characteristic feature of humans, an essential tool of thinking that enables people to learn the truth and to rationalize their understanding of the world. Most importantly, reason is the primary source of justification that explains human actions, beliefs and behaviours. By exercising rational reasoning, humans weight up their available alternatives and act according to the best possible option…

Before leaving the courtroom along with the other jurors, the juror number six took a last glimpse on the defendant. It seems that when having a preliminary vote, the juror number six hesitates for a moment. He does not raise his hand immediately, but rather waits for the reaction of the majority of the jury. When the juror number nine changes his verdict to non-guilty, the majority of the jurors in the room react with resent. However, the juror number six asks the other jurors to listen to…

How do stereotypes and inferences affect other’s understanding of ourselves. Have you ever guessed anything about someone you didn’t know well? Chances are that we all have. Stereotyping, the simple act of just inferring something about somebody or having prejudice without past knowledge, is immensely common nowadays. The Outsiders, by S.E Hinton is scattered with stereotyping and inferences. When I started reading the book I didn’t notice stereotyping or anything of that sort in the book.…