Paradigm shift

accurately. Posner’s location cueing paradigm has been used to study this phenomenon scientifically and it has become one of the most important topics of research in cognitive psychology, cognitive neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience. In this paradigm cue is used to orient the attention covertly where the target is likely to appear. The present paper is an endeavor to systematically define covert orienting, focus on its historical background, the paradigm used to study this phenomenon…

fireman, and the protagonist of Fahrenheit 451. Montag’s positive perception of fire changes as he starts to discover more about the world around him through books and experiences, which in turn triggers the development of a moral compass and paradigm shift…

theories as to how paradigms arise in science. Despite the differences in their ideologies, however, Kuhn, Popper, and Lakatos all demonstrate Dawkins’ memetic ideas. Kuhn, for example, crafted a systemic, three-step ideology consisting of “pre-science,” “normal” science, and revolutionary science. Kuhn’s ideology emphasizes acceptance of falsification: if an anomaly arises, it is the researcher’s fault, not the paradigm’s. Kuhn’s philosophy also concludes that prior paradigms are superseded…

explain the motion of objects and even describe how the planets move in an orbit. The very first theories postulated by the Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle built the foundation for what is to become the modern physics and started a unique paradigm on the world view. Followed by the disproval of his theories by the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, the English physicist Newton in turn came up with a new set of laws to accurately describe the phenomenons of the “Heavens” and the…

going to share with us later in the book. I identified four main points that Mr. Cover talked about. The first one is the “Pygmalion Effect” (Covey, 1989, 2004). Covey then talked about Character Ethic and Personality Ethic. Then he discussed paradigm shifts. I understood Covey to say that the Pygmalion Effect is that if you expect something to be a certain way then it is or will be that way. This would also be called a self-fulfilling prophecy. I felt that Covey considers this to be…

In the history of natural philosophy, one could rarely completely diverge from the stance of founding figures of the current paradigm, such as Aristotle and Ptolemy. However, it was possible to actually use the stances of founding figures to add credibility to one’s new paradigm, despite contradicting them. We even see this in Copernicus’s argument for a heliocentric universe, as in Book 1 of On the Revolutions Of the Heavenly Spheres, Copernicus relies…

distinctions of the two paradigms is the change in function of government. Traditionally, government is the exclusive actor – determines the problem, creates policy/programs and delivers services to address the problem (Salamon, 2002; Frahm & Martin, 2009; Campbell, 2015). It serves as the dominant entity regulating and providing the direct delivery of goods and services by governmental offices or civil servants (Salamon, 2002). The government’s function shifts in the governance paradigm to one…

understanding as to how a paradigm shift occurs. When the heliocentric system was proposed, during that time, “the vastly more reasonable geocentric system had no needs that a heliocentric system might even conceivably have fulfilled” (Kuhn 1962, pg.75). Ultimately, a paradigm is upheld as long as it is supported by what is seen in the data. If a paradigm is widely accepted even though it has some holes here and there, because science is progressive, eventually over time the paradigm will either…

observational and descriptive science such as social science, medicine and psychology. Even though Kuhn 's view is also not compatible with empricism-actually logical empricism, his paradigm-driven science view is much compelling to me. I find more compelling it for two reasons. First reason is Kuhn 's role of history in science and paradigm. According to him, without taking into account of the role of history in science, there will not be an accurate picture of science. Without the role of…

including past experiences, common sense realism, bias, and even the context in which an event is to occur. Malcom Gladwell’s chapter concerning the Bronx shooting from his book Blink illustrates the idea that many factors - along with a common paradigm between the officers - can influence ones perception of reality. In Seven Seconds in the Bronx, Gladwell describes the event of the shooting of an innocent immigrant, Amadou Diallo, as a result of inaccurate perception by the responsible…