Osteoblast

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive polyarthritis. Disease progression induces the production of lesions on joints, which can cause severe damage that lead to cartilage destruction and bone erosion, and eventually to the loss of joint functions [1, 2]. The synovial fluid and the serum of RA patients contain high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [3, 4]. The high levels of TNF-α are produced mainly by…

The harms of smoking have become more popular around the world. Global health organizations have discussed many topics about the effects of smoking on people and the environment. CDC reports about 42 million US adults were cigarette smokers in 2012. This is eighteen percent of all adults. This is about one in every five people. Nationwide, fourteen percent of high school students were smoking cigarettes in 2012. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Each year…

still a relatively new field, already “Laboratories have successfully recreated human ears, noses, skull bones, jaw bones, tracheas, ears, noses, skin sections, bladders, arteries, and fat.” (Morber) Using “inks” composed of stem cells, nutrients, osteoblasts, chrondrocytes, hydrogels, etc., printers can create human components such as bone, tissue, and cartilage. Most research at the moment focuses on creating organs but there are several issues impeding this. While tissues can be created,…

into the blood. Also, calcitonin will inhibit the osteoclast activity and increase the loss of calcium in urine through the kidneys thereby lowering blood calcium levels and maintaining homeostasis. Calcitonin is also responsible for osteoblast production. Osteoblasts build up bones and therefore remove calcium from the blood supply, which maintains…

This is a summary of the articles “Osteoporosis prevention, Screening, and Treatment: A Review” by J.M. Kling, M.D., B.L. Clarke, M.D., and N.P. Sandhu, M. D., PhD. Along with article Interventions: “Defusing the World’s Osteoporosis Time Bomb” by K.M. Chan, M. Anderson, and E.M.C., Lau and “Defusing the World’s Osteoporosis Time Bomb” by: Kai Ming Chan, Anderson, M, Lau, Edith M. C. Discussed in these articles is the importance of prevention, screening and treatment of osteoporosis.…

Doctors recommend 5,000 IU of Vitamin D to achieve optimal health. At 5,000 IU, about 95% of the population will have all the health benefits of vitamin D. Vitamin D has two forms: Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3. We offer Vitamin D3, a natural, more effective form of vitamin D, also known as cholecalciferol. Vitamin D3 is more likely to be absorbed and more effective because it is chemically different from the form of vitamin D that is produced in our body and is more effectively transformed into…

cortex and forms the abscess, which in turn lifts the periosteum off the bone (McCance, and Huether, 2014). This interferes with how the blood vessels enter the bone and leads to bone death in the area of infection (McCance, and Huether, 2014). The osteoblast cells will regenerate new bone around the damaged area and encompass the infected site creating an…

The matrix is made up of twenty-five per cent water, twenty-five per cent collagen fibres and fifty per cent crystallised mineral salts. There are four types of varieties of cells present; osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. A bone is not entirely solid, it has small spaces between the cells and extracellular matrix. Some spaces act as channels for blood vessels that supply bone cells with nutrients. Other spaces act as storage areas for…

Nutrition Minerals and vitamins are essential for the regular functioning of mostly all metabolic processes in ruminants. Dietary deficits or extremes of certain minerals and vitamins can influence in major financial losses in animal productivity. Several guidelines have been published by national organizations that recommend variable amounts of vitamin D intake.61 The reference values (Dietary Reference Intakes) for vitamin D were established in 1997; however, novel reference values were…

1. The hypothalamus is the processing centre that controls the body temperature in the brain, through temperature receptors the skin is able to realize changes to external temperatures which send the information to the brain (hypothalamus). There are also temperature receptors that identify the temperature changes in the blood. The Processing centre triggers for the effectors (these are the sweat glands and muscles) to adapt in order the make sure our body temperature stays at 37°C. If we…