Osteoblast

valvular interstitial cells (VIC) which are present in all layers, and effects the plasticity of the value. The VIC cells are complex, have fibroblast characteristics but also thought to be broken down into five phenotype groups. One of which is osteoblast, and is involved in the calcification of the valve (Akerstrom, Barderas & Rodriquez-Padial, 2013). The three layers to the valve are the fibrosa, spongiosa and venticularis. The fibrosa is on the outflow (aortic) side has collagen and…

spongy inner layer called trabecular (cancellous) bone (McIntosh). This network of trabeculae is lighter and less dense than compact bone. The bone is also made up of bone forming cells. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix synthesis which produces the matrix for bone formation. Osteocytes are osteoblasts that become incorporated within the newly formed osteoid, which eventually becomes calcified bone. Osteoid is comprised of collagen and proteins. The hardness and rigidity of bone are…

Cudratricusxanthone A (CTXA), one of the xanthone, was isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau, and its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-proliferative activites has been studied in vitro; however its effects on osteoclast differentiation have not been demonstrated. In this study, CTXA was found to suppress RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, actin ring formation, and bone resorption in RAW 264.7 cell lines and mouse bone marrow monocytes (BMMs). CTXA significantly inhibited the…

Periodontal diseases generally refer to common inflammatory disorders known as gingivitis and periodontitis, which are caused by a pathogenic microbiota in the subgingival biofilm that trigger an inflammatory response that activate the immune system. Biochemical mediators are biologically active compound, released by the immune cells as a response of the body to eliminate pathogenic bacteria when the periodontium is infected. These mediators responsible to initiate the inflammatory response are…

disease of the bones that affects over 1 million Australians is osteoporosis. This bone-thinning disease greatly increases the risk of fractures and occurs when the “…ratio of bone formation to bone break- down…” becomes out of balance, triggering osteoblast activity to slow down (Whitney, Rady Rolfes, Crow, Cameron-smith & Walsh, 2014, p. 199). Affected bones rapidly lose important minerals, such as calcium, rendering them ineffective in replacing these important minerals (Whitney et al., 2014,…

Muscular skeletal system Flat bones = blue (There are flat bones in the skull and the pelvis. The function of flat bones is to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Flat bones are somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, like a shield; flat bones can also provide large areas of attachment for muscles.) [3] Long bones = red (The long bones, longer than they are wide, include the femur (the longest bone in the body) as well as relatively…

In 2011, an elderly women by the name of Ernestine Shepherd successfully deadlifted twice her body weight during a heavyweight lifting competition, and by age of 75 she earned herself the Guinness World Record for oldest female bodybuilder. Some may argue that a healthy lifestyle contributed to her accomplishments, yet she began weight-bearing exercise at 71 years of age. Despite Shepard’s feat, specialists continue to be skeptical of the benefits high impact and weight bearing exercise has…

Introduction Adiponectin Adiponectin is mainly produced in fat tissue but other studies have shown it to be expressed in mRNA and protein levels in different tissues like osteoblasts in humans and murine (Berner et al., 2004), parenchymal cells in the liver (Yoda-Murakami et al., 2001; Jonsson et al., 2005; Kaser et al., 2005), myocytes (Delaigle et al., 2004), epithelial cells (Shimada et al., 2004; Patel et al., 2008), and placental tissue (Caminos et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2006). Adipose…

associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) derived from pathogens which drive tissue inflammation. Numerous resident and recruited host cells of periodontal tissues express surface TLRs. These include neutrophils, Langerhans cells, monocytes/macrophages, osteoblasts, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial…

development of surface optimization strategies to allow a rapid osseointergration and to improve the strength and stability of bone-implant interaction.3 Nowadays, it is widely accepted that rough surfaces, rather than smooth ones, favor a greater osteoblast anchorage, thus facilitating the prosthesis osseointegration.4 However, as peri-implantitis represents…