7 cranial nerve pairs out of 12 pairs in human nervous system function more or less in speech or hearing; these are the cranial nerves V (Trigeminal), VII (Facial), VIII (Vestibulocochlear), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Spinal Accessory), and XII (Hypoglossal). These have particular roles other than assisting speech or hearing. Furthermore, most clinical tests for cranial nerve functions neither are recommended to be performed by speech and hearing pathologists, nor are they related to…
Dustin Smalley Biology 257 May 4, 2016 Multiple Sclerosis What is Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective myelin coating on the nerves causing communication issues within the brain and body. It’s not contagious, but it effects approximately 2.3 million people around the world, usually between the ages of 20 and 50 years. There are different types of MS and a very broad range and severity of…
of stem cells, how can they be applied to degenerative diseases? It differs from disease to disease. Some neurodegenerative diseases are caused by loss of neurons in the brain. For example, Parkinson’s is cause by the loss of DA neurons in the brain. Technology has been developed, where embryonic stem cells can be taken, converted to DA neurons and then grafted into the brain. Clinical trials with rodents, so far had mixed results, but almost all of them showed functional benefit for those with…
Multiple Sclerosis is a disease where the immune system eats away at the protective, myelin or layer covering nerves. This disease is also known as MS, which is Multiple Sclerosis abbreviated. MS has a very big effect on a person and their family, knowing this because my aunt was diagnosed with MS before she passed away. Currently there is not a known cause from Multiple Sclerosis, but science have theories. Some believe that it is a result of combination of genetics, and some believe it is…
As mentioned earlier, the vertebral column consists of five regions. These regions are cervical (neck), thoracic (upper and mid back), lumbar (lower back), sacral and coccyx. Some of the structures that would be affected by the incident are the intervertebral discs, due to the compression that was placed on the head. If the vertebral discs structure is severely compressed, the inner material, known as the nucleus pulposus, that is inside the discs could leak out and cause herniation. Herniation…
Systemic Telomere Length and Aging Telomeres represent essential structure for genome stability, since their role is to protect the extremities of linear chromosomes from degradation and recombination. Furthermore, they also participate in the nuclear architecture, as well as in the meiosis-specific genome recombination and reorganization. Telomere length is the result of the equilibrium between shortening and lengthening mechanisms, and in many different organisms there is a decrease in…
At the spinal level, the PNS and CNS are bilaterally symmetrical. And studies have shown that the two sides of the spinal cord are not independent due to the findings that unilateral peripheral nociception results in contralateral responses (Koltzeburg, 1999). The contralateral pain was perceived at a lesser magnitude and has a delayed response. This contralateral pain phenomenon can be attributed to a similar pathway as central sensitization leading to secondary hyperalgesia. Primary…
consists of approximately 100 billion neurons and it is the smallest building block in the brain. They connect and carry messages to and from the nervous systems. There are different types of neurons namely afferent or sensory which…
Huntington’s Disease What is Huntington’s? A family passed down disease which is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by the onset of Chorea and Dementia after the ages of 40-50? Signs of initial onset of the disease include paranoia, poor impulse control, depression, hallucinations, and delusions. Over time, there will be an intellectual impairment, loss of fine motor control, athetosis, and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops. Normally, an individual will end up…
In taking Neuroscience in health and disease, I hope to learn about the brain and its many functions. I would also like to know how the brain and its functions are affected by certain diseases, and the way the brain reacts to these changes. This field interests me because the brain is such a complex organ that interacts with every organ in the human body. It regulates virtually everything that takes in the body, even though it is only one organ. What is even more fascinating is that there is not…