Olfactory receptor neuron

Overview Background Transient global amnesia (TGA) has been a well-described phenomenon for more than 40 years. Clinically, it manifests with a paroxysmal, transient loss of memory function. Immediate recall ability is preserved, as is remote memory; however, patients experience striking loss of memory for recent events and an impaired ability to retain new information. In some cases, the degree of retrograde memory loss is mild. Many patients are anxious or agitated and may repeatedly ask…

Alzheimer's is a genetic disorder that can be inherited. Most people develop this disease when their 65 years or older. Alzheimer's is memory loss. The symptoms of this disease are Forgetfulness,loss of concentration, and language problems etc. Alzheimer's is a change in a gene that increases a person's risk of developing a disease. Which is a genetic mutation. This gene can be passed on to little kids so they can grow up and later have Alzheimer's. Alzheimer is not only reason or cause of…

Individuals with this disease show two different types of abnormal lesions that aren’t seen in normal brains. The beta-amyloid plaques, which are lumps of protein and other cellular material that form in and around the neurons, and neurofibrillary tangles, which are insoluble fibers made up mostly of the protein tau that build up inside nerve cells, both of these lesions will clog the brain; however physicians and scientists are unsure whether these lesions actually cause…

The neurodegenerative diseases, or dementias, are characterized by progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neurons from specific regions of the brain. The pattern of neuronal loss is selective and compromises one or more groups of neurons, without affecting the others. An interesting aspect of these dementias is them arise without any apparent triggering stimulus and in patients with no history of neurological deficits. Alzheimer’s disease is the most prominent of these dementias,…

Huntington’s disease is a progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant allele in chromosome 4. (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2016, 2013, 2010, p. 44) It is an autosomal-assertive, progressive neurodegenerative affliction with a definite phenotype, including chorea, lack of coordination, cognitive deterioration, and behavioral difficulties. (Perandones, Micheli, & Radrizzani, 2010, p. vii) Huntington’s disease was identified by George Huntington in 1872. Huntington Disease is also referred to…

Aphasia is a communication disorder that could result from any form of damage to the parts of the brain that involve the use or interpretation of language. This disorder is more common in older adults and moreover anyone that has had a stroke at some point in their life is likely to have some form of aphasia because of that stroke. In short aphasia gets in the way of a persons ability to use or understand words, however aphasia does not impair an individuals intelligence. Aphasia only affects a…

The vertebral and the carotid artery nourish a collection of blood vessels called the circle of Willis. The carotid artery supplies blood to most of the cerebral hemispheres. It runs up the lateral sides of the neck, then splits into the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes as well as the corpus callosum. The middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral portions of the…

According to the World Health Organization 2014 Report, 39 million people are blind all over the world that there are not any treatment for 20% of them [1]. Loss of vision causes a lot of problems in daily tasks, especially mobility. In recent decades, various types of portable or wearable systems have been introduced to help blind people. These systems improve their abilities either by restoring vision through stimulating proper part of the visual system (i.e. retina, optic nerve, or the visual…

autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as breathing and digestion. The PNS also connects the central nervous system to environmental stimuli to gather sensory input and create motor output. 6 It is made up of different kind of neurons or nerve cells, which communicate with each other through electric signaling and neurotransmitters. 8 Per AniMed’s YouTube Channel, nerves reach from your brain to your face, ear, eyes, nose, and spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the rest…

powerful mediator involved in pain modulation are opioids. Endogenous opioid peptides, as well as exogenous opioid agonists, bind and activate opioid receptors. Activated opioid receptors directly inhibit ON cells and also inhibit GABAergic interneurons which inhibit OFF cells, thus indirectly disinhibiting OFF cells. The net result of opioid receptor activation is inhibition of pain. Mesenchymal stromal cells secrete soluble chemical mediators, including cytokines, which have been implicated in…