Liberalism worldwide

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a renowned French philosopher and a great political thinker of the eighteenth century. He expressed his theory of Social Contract in his famous book- “Social Contract”. He was born in Geneva in 1712 and finally settled in Paris. He was deeply affected by the political situation in France. He was greatly influenced by Plato, Montesquieu and Cicero, etc. His own ideas deeply influenced Kant and Hegel, the well-known German philosopher. Initially his views and…

Yasin Erroussafi Mr. Mcnerney Napoleon Reformer Was Napoleon a Reformer, revolutionary, or a reactionary? In this essay I will be talking to you how I know that Napoleon was a reformer other than revolutionary or reactionary. the point of this paper that i am writing to you is to show how Napoleon wanted to change society, not only to build roads and bridges and stuff like that but he also believed in equality, he believed in the same ideas in the French Revolution. This…

The law strives to preserve the order of society, while promoting morality and justice. Given that the law limits human autonomy through restriction, the question arises as to when and to what extent should a state limit the freedom of its citizens. In “On Liberty”, John Stuart Mill provides an answer to this question in the form of the harm principle: the sole reason for interfering with the liberty of an individual is to prevent the harm of others (Mill 1859). This principle states that law or…

When the American colonist won The American Revolutionary War against Britain our founding fathers created a democratic government. They used a set of beliefs called liberalism which had developed during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period. These new views of life were influenced by the English political philosopher John Locke. Although there were other philosophers who shared the idea of individual rights it was Locke’s writings that established our rights in America. He believed…

Globalization.html modernity, without leaving time for the crisis of the medieval model. No notice is taken that the scientific revolution -- discussed by Kuhn -- departs from a modernity that has already begun, the result of a "modern paradigm." 19 It is for that reason that in the fifteenth century (if we do not consider the later European inventions) Europe does not have any superiority over China. Needham allows himself to be bewitched by this mirage, when he writes: "The fact is that the…

Hayke argues that a collectivist system is inherently incompatible with democracy rooted in an individualist liberalism tradition, regardless of the intention of the planner. Collectivism, Hayke points out, defends central planning by a "unitary end" (63) that conforms to the "general welfare" (64). To define the common end in a particular social context requires a single standard that ranks individual preferences. Due to the lack of a comprehensive system of "ethical code" (64) with universal…

Kant’s **metaphysics** and Mill’s **utilitarianism**, two landmark works of philosophy, are frequently compared and contrasted in the scholarly world, suggesting that the ideas put forth in the works have a place in the modern world. When these works are compared against each other through the scope of today 's (societal) context, one line of thinking tends to be the basis for our modern thought process. Through Kant 's reasoning, one should base their decisions on pure logic and reason, while…

these theoretical ideas and how they connect and apply to real world political in practice. Many of the ideas which Americans are familiar with as treasured characteristics of the United States’ government are actually core pillars of liberalism. At the center of liberalism are the notions of individual liberty, rights and obligations among citizens, and the idea that even the government is under the rule of law. Movements for universal…

Was The Reign Of Terror Justified? From 1789 to 1800 a time of revolution took place in France to end monarchy and finally give more power to the people. During the revolution, an era of revolts and many deaths, but also new ideas and extraordinary steps to a much needed government, the era of the Reign of Terror. The bloodiest time in the French Revolution, lead by many people such as Robespierre, an educated man that spoke on the behalf of the people and spread ideas and actions for a better…

Reason, Individualism, and religious tolerance are three trends that are found when observing the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was a time where the traditions and status quo were being changed. The higher educated people were starting to use scientific method and reasoning to solve issues and rethink some of the old traditions and status quos that they had in the past. Some of the main philosophers that had an impact on the Enlightenment was John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Pierre Bayle.…