Glycogen

preferred fuel, which can be mobilized and oxidizes to meet the requirements during high intensity exercise.24 Blood glucose and muscle glycogen are forms of carbohydrate. In skeletal muscle, they derived from liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenosis and the main factor for contracting muscle. Because of depletion of these CHO forms, fatigue often occurs. The rate of glycogen utilization and glucose uptake are decided by type, intensity, frequency and duration of the exercises. Regulation…

It activates the GLUT4 inward glucose transporter in muscle and fat and promotes phosphorylation of glucose in the liver. The whole body thus stores fats in adipocytes and glycogen in the liver. These stores are maintained and when the muscles require glucose, then the demand can be met through the available short-term glycogen stores. Thus, the excess of glucose is managed well, keeping the plasma glucose concentration near normal. In case of neurons, this condition differs. The glucose is…

Insulin is made of a natural hormone in the body by the pancreas. These hormones control the level of sugar in the blood. People with type 1 diabetes will require insulin injections on a regular basis. In the type 1 diabetes, the body stops the insulin and the blood glucose level goes high. With type 2 diabetes, some people may also need insulin injections to help control blood sugar levels. Insulin is generally injected subcutaneously between 2 to 4 times. Classified according to how long they…

Evaluate the anatomical and physiological similarities and differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal Muscles are attached to bones. Their functions include: produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, guard body entrances and exits, maintain body temperature, and store nutrients. They are striated muscles because of their appearances of having bands of actin and myosin that form the sarcomere which is located in the myofibrils.…

made. An example of an internal influence that disrupts the negative feedback system of blood glucose regulation is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the body is not able to absorb enough glucose into cells or does not get converted into glycogen, either because of the lack of insulin in the body or because the body does not respond to the insulin properly. Because the negative feedback system is not functioning, the glucose in the blood can increase to dangerous levels as there is…

hypoglycemic hormone. A hyperglycemic hormone is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts as a hyperglycemic hormone because glucagon targets the liver to promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose; while gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules.) Once glucose is formed through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, the liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream. A…

common endocrine disorder is known as adrenal insufficiency. This is where the adrenal gland releases too little of cortisol or aldosterone. Addison’s disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency. Symptoms likely include fatigue, upset stomach, dehydration, and skin changes. Cushing’s Disease is another endocrine issue. It is caused by an overactive adrenal gland. Some symptoms include obesity and increased thirst. It is common in children who take corticosteroids. Hyperthyroidism is another…

Any endurance runner who has ever run a race knows the feeling of hitting the dreaded “wall.” First, the legs start feeling weak and breathing start getting heavy with the abdomen and chest helping to inhale air into the lungs. Then, there is a tinge of mental doubt that the runner can even finish the race, so he or she slows down just to try to lengthen the endurance of the run. For most athletes, this is a “wall” that they will strive to get over during every single race, because the “wall”…

The body and roles of the organ systems are interlinked; together they work in maintaining homeostasis. In the event of arduous or prolonged exercise, such as running a marathon. The body’s systems such as the, digestive, musculoskeletal, respiratory and circulatory, must work together to meet the demands placed upon the runner’s body. Firstly, the process of the digestive system can be broken down into four sections, ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation (Toole, Toole and Toole,…

Nutrition and diet are the part that most of the athletes will neglect in their training schedule, caused many of them struggle with nutrition. Most of them do not think over the nutrition and proper diet as their training, just get by it without thinking the significant of nutrition and diet. The reason that nutrition and diet are important because it can maximize the athletic performance by eating the real food and the right ways. Hence, we would like to gain more knowledge on the…