Electron configuration

atoms strive to obtain the ideal valence of 8. Some atoms need to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve the ideal valence. In a covalent bond, the electrons are being pulled by two atoms that are both nonmetals. In other words, the two atoms are sharing electrons, but not all covalent bonds are shared equally. Within covalent bonds, there are nonpolar and polar covalent bonds. In nonpolar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally or very closely. In polar covalent bonds, one atom…

Free radicals are molecules that have at least one unpaired electron. They are typically very reactive, due to their odd number of electrons. These molecules tend to try and gain or lose electrons so their highest energy levels can be filled. They will bond with other compounds in the body, sometimes combining with them, or even taking parts of intact molecules, resulting in even more free radicals (Walling). Free radicals can be formed by natural body processes, such as metabolism. They…

every new proton being added, several electrons will also be included into this process by joining the identical energy level (ultimately accounting for one electron per element in said period). The electrons then attract the protons, whilst failing to shield from or repulse this attraction. Given the above information, the effective nuclear charge will most certainly increase. When traveling down a group, the atomic radius will increase and the valence electron sets of each element will become…

The stories Conducting Solutions, Energy Story, and the video Hands-On Science with Squishy Circuits have all helped me learn a lot more about electricity. The purpose of these sources were to help the reader to understand and inform the reader about how electricity is made. It also showed how easy it is to make electricity. These three sources have many differences and similarities but they all serve the same purpose. In the video Hands-On Science with Squishy Circuits it talks about how easy…

Helium was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and independently by N. A. Langley and P. T. Cleve at 1895 in England and Sweden. A French astronomer Janssen first obtained evidence for the existence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 in India. For many years helium was known as an element that might exist on the sun but unknown on the Earth. Sir William Ramsay discovered helium after treating a uranium mineral. Lockyer and Professor Edward Frankland suggested the name helium. A sample of…

share pairs of electrons. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which are gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most valence electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability (Chem wiki) Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they…

Chemistry As Carl Sagan once said, “Chlorine is a deadly poison gas employed on European battlefields in World War I. Sodium is a corrosive metal which burns upon contact with water. Together, they make a placid and non-poisonous substance, table salt. Why each of these substances has the properties it does is a subject called chemistry.” Chemistry involves many things, from atoms to elements and their functions. It is a wide field of science with an extensive early and modern history. It also…

One of the main experiments Rutherford is known for is his Gold foil experiment. He devised a way to prove that radioactivity in particles exists in at least two forms. In the experiment tiny alpha particles were shot at a sheet of foil coated in ZnS which resulted in a small percentage went through the sheet and the rest were blocked/deflected. The percentage of particles that were able to go through the foil are now named 'Alpha Particles' and the ones that were blocked are called 'Beta…

up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, while the electrons stay far apart from each other, and revolve around the center. This is called the Bohr model, made by Neil Bohr in 1913. Neil Bohr was born on October 7th 1885. His father was a physicist and Neil graduated from Cambridge in 1911. His studies were theoretical, and the following year he worked in a laboratory in Manchester. It…

equivalent number of positive and negative particles. When an external object that has an electric charge comes in contact with the conductor, the positive and negative particles will separate. The electrons with the charge opposite to that of the external charge will be drawn to that outside object, while electrons with that equivalent charge as the external object will repel and move away from the object. This redistribution of charges is also known as electrostatic induction. Hence, the way a…