Data Link Layer

This specifies the general interface between the network layer (IP etc.) and the Data Link layer (Ethernet, Token Ring etc.) It’s the standard for the upper Data Link layer sublayer, also known as the Logical Link Control layer. It’s responsible for flow and error control. The Data Link layer wants to send some data over the network, 802.2 LLC helps make this possible. b. 802.3 – Ethernet 802.3 is the standard which Ethernet operates by. The original 802.3 standard is 10mbps. Commonly, Ethernet networks transmit data in packets, as previously stated. A packet can be a minimum size of 72 bytes or a maximum of 1518 bytes. The most common topology for Ethernet is the star topology, which will be explained later in this report. c. 802.5 – Token Ring Originally, token ring operated at a speed of…

GC is a huge company with over one hundred branches spanning many countries, this implies that software compatibility is paramount. Buying a software package from one company has two huge advantages over splitting the purchase between vendors, mainly ensured compatibility and support. As the company is large and split up between countries, GC needs to be confident that the software is able to communicate with each other. Failure in this area means that each branch will be delayed in its response…

Carriegos 9/1/2015 Network Layer The main purpose of the network layer packet is connecting with the destination; it must be familiar with the topology subnet and choose the appropriate paths through it. When the source and destination are on different networks, the network layer (IP), have to deal with these differences. The services provided by the network layer should be independent of the topology subnet. The transport layer must be protected in the number, type, and topology of this…

There are two major components to the MPLS architecture and they are control panel and data panel. The control panel has a complex function and is used to exchange the layer 3 routing information (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP) and labels (Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)). The data plane is used to forward the packets based on the destination address or labels. The routers that are capable of routing and switching in the MPLS domain are called LSR (Label Switch Routers). This routing and…

Design Analysis A connection is recognized in the optical layer regulates to carry the information among the clients in the network. The optical connection is preserved between a source node, s and destination node, d is known as an light path. The problem in finding a route for a light path with wavelength assigned to the light path is submitted as the routing and wavelength assignment problem (RWA). The problem of RWA is divided into two parts : Routing and Wavelength Assignment. In the…

Figure 3 demonstrates the 3 layers that make up the SDN structure. Lowest layer represents the Infrastructure Layer or Forwarding Plane, mainly focusing on data forwarding but it also takes care of monitoring local information and gathering statistics. Next layer represents the Control Layer or Control Plane which is responsible for programming and managing the Forwarding Plane. Control Plane makes use of the information gathered by the Forwarding Plane in order to define the route and operation…

The comparison of lining and interlining materials are given in Table 13.2 Table 13.2 Comparison of lining and interlining materials Sl. No Lining Interlining 1 It is used inside of garments or garment components. It is used between two layers of fabric. 2 It is attached by sewing. It is attached by sewing or applying heat and pressure. 3 Finishing is not necessary. Sometimes finishing is necessary to improve its properties. E.g. shrink resist finish. Crease resists finish. 4 No coating is…

Text Data Computers represent information using bits. A bit string is a sequence of zero or more bits. This information is encoded by the sender and will be transmitted. The receiver then decodes the information. Data sent may be corrupted along the way because noise may interfere every time an information is transmitted to any channel. A channel is the physical medium through which information is transmitted. Examples of channels include telephone lines, internet cables, fiber optic lines,…

Unlike any other communication technology, Power Line Communications (PLC) is a technology whereby a sender modulates the data to be sent, injects it onto medium, and the receiver demodulates the data to read it. The basic difference is that in PLC no extra wiring is needed. Considering the ubiquity of power lines, it implies that with PLC, virtually all line-powered devices can be controlled or monitored. Generally, PLC uses the same electric cables for the purpose of power delivery and…

sheave flange. Excessive wear in the sheave bearings can cause rope fatigue from vibration. Large fleet angles will cause severe abrasion of the rope as it coils onto the drum. Furthermore, the rope will roll into the sheave groove introducing torque and twist, which may cause high stranding and bird-cages. [9] Regular inspections need to be performed to ensure that the rope is free from any contamination and dirt. This is important for the correct and successful lubrication maintenance of the…