Cardinal Richelieu

Under the strategies of Richelieu, France victoriously tipped the balance of power in their favour, leaving the Holy Roman Empire, as described by Voltaire, “neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”. France’s emergence as the dominant power of Europe must be credited to the sheer genius tactics of Cardinal Richelieu. At first glance, the expected response from France was that it would aid the Hapsburgs in eliminating Protestant forces rising in the Germanic Principalities, yet Richelieu led France to side with the Protestants in order to combat against the unbalanced power of the Hapsburgs. Because he set the religion of the state aside to pursue political interests, Richelieu evidently stands out as a politique, arguing “that the state is above everything, and that religion is a mere instrument to promote the policies of the state.” (Çiçek) As the Thirty Years…

A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry by Geoffroi De Charny outlines the concept of chivalry and establishes the ideal conduct of knights of medieval era of the Hundred Year Was between France and Britain. The book goes over the many ways in which knights must conduct themselves to preserve their honor and capabilities of a knight, whether it be in acts of courtship, piety, or military prowess. Charny organizes the book by distinguishing the types of actions and qualities that are chivalrous…

Philippe Duc D’Orleans, mainly referred to as simply Monsieur, was the younger brother of Louis XIV, the renowned Le Roi-Soleil. Philippe was born on September 21, 1640 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Philippe was a prominent member of the Bourbon dynasty, and when he was baptized his father, Louis XIII, wanted to give him the title of Count of Artois, however, he followed tradition and bestowed Philippe with title of Duke of Anjou. His life and upbringing was oriented around the…

It was on the second day of the assembly that Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Right from the beginning, Cardinal Bergoglio has defied the norms and formalities of the position. On March 16th, he stood in front of thousand of journalists and told them that he took the words spoken to him by Cardinal Hummes to hearts - ‘Don’t forget the poor’ - and thusly, chose to be named after St. Francis of Assisi, “the man of poverty, the man of peace, the man who loves…

It is extremely distressing to hear that you have been expelled from your job. It is extremely infuriating, however, if you never expect that you will be removed from your occupation especially if you think that you are doing a superb job. Cardinal Wolsey experience this sensation as he receives a letter from his king, Henry VIII, that effectively removed him from his position as an advisor for his monarch. In his soliloquy, Cardinal Wolsey uses a choice diction and a furious tone to express his…

In the New Testament, Junia, Pricilla, Phoebe, and Mary Magdalene were four females with leadership roles in the Jesus movement. These females were deaconesses, evangelists, educators, or preachers. The New Testament provides insight into the debate of female leadership and ordination during the early church movement; a debate that continues now. Certain Christian denominations today permit female ordination, while other denominations stand firm against female pastors; both use the New Testament…

This historical study will define the impact of St. Francis of Assisi on Italian cultural identity in the rejuvenation of the Roman Catholic Church in the medieval period. In the late 12th and 13th centuries, St. Francis of Assisi was a religious figure that chose to live a life of poverty and self-sacrifice in the image of Jesus Christ. During this historical period, the Roman Catholic Church had become an ostentatious and well-funded organization that did not embrace the common people of…

easier to find than justice in the individual. (434e) Therefore, by finding justice in the state, justice in the individual can be found as well. (434e) Socrates begins his explanation by identifying the four cardinal virtues; wisdom, courage, self-discipline, and justice in the state. He finds that in a perfect state, the Guardians or rulers possess wisdom; the ability to make just decisions and do what’s best for their state, (428d) the Auxiliaries or soldiers posses courage to protect the…

Book three of Mere Christianity includes twelve chapters that all relate to human Behavior. Chapter one discusses the three parts of mortality. The three parts of mortality, defined by C.S. Lewis are harmony among people, cleaning up the harmony within the individual, and the purpose of life for a human being. Chapter two addresses the Cardinal Virtues which are prudence, temperance, justice and fortitude. Chapter three talks about social morality, and within this chapter he touches on the…

is demonstrated in this scene because Red’s future is quite uncertain, yet he risks violating his parole and breaking the law so that he can be reunited with his good friend. Rational thought cannot apply to this instance because Red the odds of crossing the border and him meeting Andy are very unlikely. They have no means to communicate with each other and Red would have a hard time receiving directions from the locals because they don’t speak the same language. Also, if he reunites with Andy,…