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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the time periods for ancient history and modern history? |
Ancient history is 3100 B.C. to 455 A.D. and modern history is 1450 A.D. to now. |
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What is the time between ancient and modern history called? |
The middle ages |
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What were the four main parts of feudalism? |
The social, economic, political, and military status. |
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What was the main issue coming into the middle ages, and why was it so important? |
The collapse of Rome, it caused anarchy, there was no political, economic, social, or military order. |
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What did it mean for western civilization to move into survival mode? |
Only three things mattered, food, shelter/clothing, and physical security. |
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What was feudalism? |
An agreement of political order in which a lord held power over vassals and serfs. |
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What was an estate? |
A defined physical land |
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What was a manor? |
The original shelter built to fortify estates, which were later fortified more and built into castles |
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Who was a lord? |
Someone who possessed an estate |
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Who was a vassal? |
Someone under a lord who was granted land and pledged an oath of liege homage |
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Who was a serf? |
Someone under a lord who pledged an oath of liege homage but didn't receive land |
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What was the social code of behavior during Feudalism called? |
Chivalry |
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What was the Feudal Contract and how many terms did it have? |
A contract that gave a lord duties towards vassals and serfs, and vice versa; it had seven terms, four for the vassal and three for the lord |
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What were the vassal's four obligations? |
He must work for the lord, he must physically fight for and defend whatever estates need it, he must be prepared to have a dowry for their lord's eldest daughter, and they had to provide a ransom for their lord when he was captured. |
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What were the lord's three obligations? |
He had to physically protect the corporate state, provide for a vassal's family after death, and give a fief to vassals. |
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What was a fief and who got them? |
A piece of property for a vassal that was passed in the family, in which the vassal could do whatever they wanted; serfs did not get a fief, only vassals. |
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What type of things did a dowry include? |
It included food, energy sources, housing, and things that gave the relationship a head start for the survival curve. |
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What was a vassal's value measured by, and why was it measured by this? |
Their capacity to do a job; this mattered because it helped secure the estate and society |
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Why did vassals want to pay ransom for their lords when they were held captive? |
If they didn't pay for him, someone else would, then the lord would pledge allegiance to that person, and then his vassals would become the new lord's serfs. |
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What happened with the lord, Edward the Confessor? |
His one child died with his wife, so he had to choose an heir. He chose Duke Robert of Nordmann and sent his vassal Harold Godwinson to tell the Duke of his heirship, but, Harold's ship was blown astray to Brittany. Robert died, but his illegitimate son, William the Conqueror, rescued Harold from Brittany. Harold had to pledge liege homage to him, but when he returned to Edward the Confessor, he didn't tell him about this, so because Edward didn't know of his Liege Homage, and because of William's barbaric behavior, he made Harold his successor which led to William invading, taking control, and became the reason for their English heritage. |
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How many vassals and serfs did a lord usually have? |
Around 600 vassals, and 1,800 serfs |
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What decided whether someone was a serf or vassal? |
If some had a certain skill which benefited the estate, they became a vassal, otherwise they were serfs. |
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Where did Clovis baptize his men? |
At the confluence of the Seine and Marne River |
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What coalition did the estates make for survival; were the estates allies? |
They made a coalition saying that they wouldn't bother each other, instead they would merge their armies to defend each other; they weren't allies, they did it solely to survive. |
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The belief of divine accountability led to what? |
Merovs, who were the senior lords in a coalition; the Merovs were Franks, Celts, Angles, Gauls, and Goths. |
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What was Clovis's Christianity like? |
It was an independent German one that wasn't influenced by Latin works. |
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What was the Merovingian Dynasty was based upon what? |
Seniority, not merits |
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Over time, what did the Merovingian Dynasty become? |
A meritocracy, based upon merits |
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In 687-714 what did Pepin II, the head of the northern coalitions do? |
He put himself over everyone else. |
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In 714-741 what did Charles Martel do? |
He asserted his authority over all the Merovs. |
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Who was the founder of Islam? |
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah |
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What is the key to Islam? |
Submission to Allah |
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What did Muhammad do with warring Islamic tribes? |
He began their unification |
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What is the Quran made of? |
Suras and verses |
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What is the Hadith? |
A collection of religious teachings |
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How many Pillars of Islam are there? |
5 |
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What is the goal of Islam? |
World-wide Sharia Law |
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What do Muslims believe about their goal? |
That one more teacher is going to come and help them accomplish it |
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What is the difference between Shia and Sunni Muslims? |
Sunni Muslims believe that Muhammad's son had power while the Shia don't, and the Shia believe that they have to destroy non-Islamic institutions and governments, which the Sunni don't believe they they have to do. |
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Where did the Muslims attack in 732 A.D.? |
Constantinople |
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What happened in 701 A.D.? |
Muslims invaded Iberia |
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By 730 A.D. what had happened with the Muslims in Iberia? |
They had essentially removed all resistance and cross the Pyrenees |
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What did Charles Martel do in response to the Muslims who raided Iberia? |
He led a coalition against them |
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How long did the Battle of Tours last and how many soldiers fought for each side? |
About 5,000 knights for Charles and about 500,000 Muslims |
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How many casualties were there for each side in the Battle of Tours? |
About 500 knights and 5,000-10,000 Muslims |
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What happened after the Muslims' loss at Poitiers, and what impact did this have on Western civilization? |
The Muslims were never able to invade Western Europe again, this is the reason why Western civilization is mainly Christian. |
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What did Charles Martel proclaim himself to be? |
The King of the Franks |
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What did Pepin do to gain the pope's favor over his half brother Childeric? |
In battle, he drove the Lombards north of the Rubicon |
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What was the Donation of Pepin and what did it do? |
It was when Pepin gave the peninsula of Italy to the Catholic Church, this made the Papal States |
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What does Charlemagne begin? |
The reconstruction of an empire |
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What did Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious do? |
He split Rome between his sons, Charles, Lothair, and Louis |
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What type of a person was Charlemagne? |
He was very sinful; he had 14 children with 5 women |
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What was Charlemagne's interaction with the Avars? |
When he attacked them, they used their women as a shield because they thought he wouldn't kill them, he did, then he killed the men and took communion on the battle field |
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What two tribes did Charlemagne drive out and what group of people could he not remove in his 11-year campaign? |
He couldn't remove the Muslims from south of the Pyrenees |
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What did Charlemagne and the Muslims make because neither of them could destroy the other? |
A DMZ, which is a demilitarized zone in which armies can't past |
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What did Charlemagne divide his militarized zone into and who did he put in charge of these? |
He divided his militarized zone into Vills or counties, and put counts in them |
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What job did the Counts have and who were they loyal to? |
They had to create their castles and were loyal to Charlemagne |
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What happened when Charlemagne's knights retreated across the Pyrenees? |
They met the Basques, 400 knights had to stay behind and sacrifice their lives for the rest when the Basques came upon them and attacked |
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How did Charlemagne help education? |
He opened a monastery and church in every Vill, so the people trained to be priests became educators |
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What happened when Charlemagne went to Pope Leo III and what was the lasting significance of this? |
He went to the pope, instead of being given communion as he thought was going to happen, the pope had a crown brought up, he had Charlemagne kneel, even though the pope still had to reach up to put the crown on his head, the pope did so; this was the first coronation of an emperor. This showed that the pope could give and take power from an emperor, and started a lasting power struggle between the popes and emperors. |
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What did Charlemagne tell his son Louis the Pious and what did Louis do with this knowledge? |
He told him that it is too hard to govern such a large group of people with different cultures and ethnicities, and that he would split the empire in two at the Rhine river and take the eastern side, with the more docile, obedient people. Louis split the empire between his three sons |
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What happened with Charles, Lothair, and Louis involving the empire they received from their father? |
Because Louis, who was the harassed, younger, but most worthy sibling, received the best land when they all signed The Treaty of Verdunn in 843. Charles got west of Meuse, Louis got east of Rhine, and Lothair got the land in between. When Louis the Pious died soon after, his son, Louis the German, took Lothair's land and created the Holy Roman Empire. |
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What were the three parts of Charlemagne's legacy? |
1. After his 11 year campaign against the Muslims, they wouldn't cross the Pyrenees again because of the Spanish March 2. He set the difference between the French and Germans when he recognized the difference in cultures in his empire 3. He started the struggle between church and state |
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How did Charles the Bald's and Louis the German's empires exist? |
They existed apart from each other and sometimes clashed |
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Who was Bjarni Herguffson? |
The first European to go to and return from North America by ship |
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What type of people were the vikings and what did they do? |
They were gruesome, vicious people who committed rapine, slaughter and rape without remorse. |
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Who was a Skald? |
A poet and viking keeper of records employed by a king |
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What were the two forms of poetry? |
Eddas, folklore of the gods, and Sagas, folklore of war, kings, chieftons, exploration, etc.. |
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What were the Valkyries? |
Mythical female warriors who served the gods by protecting soldiers and guiding them to Valhalla |
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By 1000 A.D. where had the Norse settled? |
In Dublin, Cork, Killarney, Shannon, York, and Kent |
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How was Nordmanni established? |
Charles, the King of the Franks, and Hrolf met over why he was committing rapine and slaughter, so they negotiated the borders for Nordmanni, but Charles left out a southern border, allowing Hrolf to continue down as far as pleased |
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Why did Edward the Confessor rename his successor? |
When William the Conqueror married Mathilda of Flanders and united their land by force, he started conquering, raiding, and being barbaric |
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Describe the events following William finding out that Harold Goldwinson had received his successorship |
In 1066, William found out and began trial by combat for his vassal Harold Godwinson, who was able to sit on the shores of England and wait for William to arrive. Right before William left, a monstrous storm arrived, grounding him. When the storm cleared north of William, Harald Siggurdson invaded England, Harold, mistaking Harald for William, moved all of his knights north to fight him. William later came unopposed to England and was able to build fortification at Hastings. Then William went to Telham hill and fought Harold at Senlac River with the sun to his back with bow skills. Harold was shot in the eye and his knights gave up, giving William victory |
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What happened with Harald Siggurdson? |
Harald was wounded very very badly when he invaded England, his troops took him to Kiev, where he miraculously recovered when Yuroslav gave him help, although he left in anger when his daughter Yelisavetta denied his love for her. He went ransacking and destroyed Constantinople, he later returned to Kiev a grown man with many riches, and commanded Yelisavetta to come with him. |
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What intimidation factor did William use against Harold in the Battle of Hastings? |
He rhythmically beat drums to scare them |
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How did William reinvigorate his army at the Battle of Hastings when they thought he was dead? |
He rode into the middle of his army with no helmet or chain mail and declared to everyone that he was alive |
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Where was William the Conqueror crowned and what would he make England into while king? |
He was crowned in Westminster Abby and he made England into the first modern state |
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What are the three requirements for a modern state? |
A defined territory, population, and an identified sovereignty |
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What did William do to cover his large land? |
He divided it into 200 baronries, each with four parts, 20% royal land, 25% church land, 25% baron's land, and 30% shires |
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What were a Baron's obligations? |
Knight service, castle license, and shire administration |
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What were the vassal's obligations? |
Knight service, attendance at court, special payments, and approval for marriages |
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What was a Reeve? |
The local authority of the shires |
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What baronry did Mr. Ellwood stress? |
Aelwood Wales |
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How did barons use the payments they received? |
They could hold court and give stuff to peasants |
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What was the Witan? |
The advisory body to the king that was made up of 200 invited barons who gave their opinions and listened to the king, it started out as the House of Lords; later the House of Commons came about |
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What is peerage? |
A legal system that consists of hereditary titles for people |
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What had William I become in England? |
The central authority |
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What was the Domesday Book? |
A record of places, those who own them, and every birth and death, this was the first census since the first century A.D. |
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Why was Henry II called the "Lion of Justice" |
He founded a law school and a place to train people in Common Law |
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What did Circuit Judges do, what was the problem with this, and what was formed as a result of this? |
They went around making legal decisions about court cases, the problem was that they didn't know the society, and the Petit jury formed to make more informed legal decisions |
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What did the Grand Jury that later formed do? |
They formed to determine if a crime had actually been committed |
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What happened to Eleanor of Aquitane? |
She was captured, raped, and imprisoned by Henry II |
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What was England the first do with in relation to the Papal States? |
They were the first to go head to head with them |
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What was Richard I called and what happened with him during the third crusade? |
He was called "Lionheart" and during the third crusade, he found out his half-brother John was in England, so he went back and fought with the French |
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Who was Sal Adin? |
The Muslim's main man who was successful in killing many Christians during the Crusades |
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How was the Magna Carta presented to John I and what did it say? |
He was invited to a hunting trip, when they got in the wilderness they told him about the Magna Carta and he said no. They then threatened to kill him, so he signed the document which said that the people and the king would uphold Common Law, it defined the "due process" of law, and it stated the respect of all property rights |
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What did the signing of the Magna Carta do and why was it significant? |
It decreased the king's power, and this was the first official limitation of a monarch's power |
