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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Apogee of the Church? |
The greatest extent of the church's power |
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What did Pope Gregory I (The Great) do in 590-610? |
He permitted the translations of the Classical Writings |
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What were the Classical Writings? |
Literature written in Greek |
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What was the Vulgate? |
The Latin scriptures |
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What two works were written in the 1100's which are the basis for Church Canon Law and the church theology? |
The Decretum (Church Canon Law) and Sentences (church theology) |
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What were Innocent III's goals in Fourth Lateran Council in 1215? |
To replace God with the earthly, spiritual authority, and set the pope above every other human spiritual authority |
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How did the pope serve the people? |
He acted as a mediator between God and man |
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What separates Protestants from Catholics? |
Protestants don't believe in the divine authority of the pope, or that the 7 sacraments are necessary for salvation |
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What was one sign that the pope cared about setting the church above God? |
Powerful rulers had to bow down to the pope, not to God |
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Who made up the clergy? |
The pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, and priest |
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Where did the clergy get their power from? |
Investiture, a sacrament |
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What were the four Fourth Lateran Council Decrees |
to depose all non catholic rulers, to reaffirm benefits for the clergy (no tax), to redefine the Doctrine of Transubstantiation (what Jesus wanted regarding his body and communion), and to define heresy and its punishments (excommunication) |
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What was excommunication? |
The banning of someone from participation in the sacraments |
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What was transubstantiation and what was its significance? |
During communion it was the turning of bread to meat when you ate it, and the wine to blood when you drank it. If you did not taste the meat, then you were not on the road to salvation
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What was Philip II's inquisition? |
When he used the Spanish army against the Dutch protestants in the Netherlands |
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What happened if someone got excommunicated? |
They would be banned from practicing sacraments, and then they would be executed as an excommunicate, which was a condemnation to Hell |
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What were the seven sacraments? |
1. Baptism 2. Confirmation (cathecism) 3. Confession (verbal) 4. Communion (make sure they taste the meat and blood) 5. Marriage or investiture (not both) 6. Extreme Unction (anointing the sick, an intercession on their behalf) |
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What was the spiritual value for owning or adoring a relic? |
The pardon of the penalty for an unconfessed sin |
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What did owning or adoring a relic not give a person? |
It did not give people forgiveness, it pardoned them and saved them from Hell, but didn't allow them access to Heaven |
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What is Purgatory? |
It is a location after death that is in-between Heaven and Hell, the people in Purgatory are contrite and know that they escaped Hell, but don't know what they are missing in Heaven |
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What were reliquaries? |
Places where many relics were gathered |
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What made relics so valuable? |
The church verified that they were all historically and Biblically accurate |
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What happened after the Pope declared that all the relics had been found? |
There was a Sale of Indulgences, or a sale of pardons for sin |
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What was the Cult of the Saints, and why was it called a cult? |
A group of elected saints who served as role models for people, it was called a cult because people started actually worshiping the saints |
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What are beatification and canonization? |
Beatification was the process that decided whether or someone worked miracles, canonization was the process of decided whether or not someone should be a saint |
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What began the reform of the church? |
People began realizing that the church was too focused on worldly things, becoming like the state, and material things from which they gained wealth themselves, the church secularism obscured it's spiritual responsibilities |
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What were the three major reform groups? |
Monks, heretics, and friars |
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What was monasticism? |
A withdrawal from the church and society into compounds and monasteries, where they ended their affiliation with the church |
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Why did monks withdraw from the church? |
For personal reasons and whether or not they believed they were going to Heaven |
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Why didn't make of the heretical monks get executed? |
They didn't go around telling people who they were |
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What practice did the monks stop, and what did this lead to? |
They stopped infanticide, this led to them taking in orphans |
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What did Cistercians believe? |
That salvation required tremendous focus on prayer and work, they were 100% vegetarian, they ate three meals a week and worked sunrise to sunset making gravel |
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What were the three common monk practices? |
1. Fasting - a self-denial of food 2. Celibacy - Not marrying and practicing abstinence 3. Flagellation - Denying oneself of feeling no pain, pain for spiritual focus |
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What happened to Arnold of Brescia and why did this happen? |
He was burned as a heretic because he started preaching sermons against the Roman Catholic Church's materialism and secularism because they showed no love when his poor community's church had a fire and could not be repaired with the townspeople's own meager amount of money. He showed love like Christ |
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What did Arnold of Brescia's followers call themselves, and why did they call themselves this? |
The Humiliati, because they were the downtrodden and outcast from the Roman Catholic Church |
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What was a Papal Interdict and how did it relate to the Humiliati? |
It was an excommunication, and any members of the Humiliati were put into Papal Interdict |
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What did the Albigensians believe, and what did they do to achieve their goal? |
They believed that one could not need their physical body at one point, and become completely spiritual with God. They would practice self-denial with food, and comfort. Their final goal was to commit suicide to get rid of their body. |
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What was the difference between the Franciscan and Dominican friars? |
The Franciscan friars were genuinely invested and kind, they told simple messages and renounced all worldly possessions. The Dominicans went around torturing accused heretics into confession, even if they were innocent |
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Why did the Crusades occur? |
People believed that they had to take back the land Jesus taught in |
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Which was the only successful crusade, and what were the casualties? |
The first one was the only successful crusade, there were about 200,000 crusaders to begin, and when they took Jerusalem to end it, about 5,000 remained |
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How did the two crusades that weren't sponsored by the church go? |
They both ended as massive defeats, dealing little to no damage |
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What were the five causes of the crusades? |
1. The conquest of the Middle East by the Seljuk Turks and their installation of Sharia law 2. Religious fervor caused by the church reform 3. The church's secular tendencies 4. Merchant interest in the Middle East 5. The availability of mercenaries |
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What did Emperor Alexius Comnenus request, why did he request this, and what happened regarding his request? |
He requested 2,000 blonde, blue-eyed, tough, Western knights, he requested them to scare the Turks because they were nearing Constantinople, and if they destroyed Constantinople then they had an open shot towards Western Europe, he got the knights, but only after Peter the Hermit came with the People's Crusade, saying that they were the Crusaders and were sent off to fight the Turks and got slaughtered |
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When Pope Urban II decreed a Holy War, what incentives did he use to gain soldiers? |
Protection of property, cleared debts, pardons for crimes, forgiveness for sins |
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Why is it shocking that the First Crusade accomplished anything at all? |
There was never a chain of command or a single, unified army |
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What were two ways that the People's Crusade affected the actual Crusaders? |
1. Muslims visualized the weak, unorganized People's Crusaders for all of the battles after that, so they were unprepared because they underestimated them 2. The actual Crusaders were moved and fired on by the fact that the People's Crusaders would die for the fight |
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What was the knights journey to Antioch like? |
Very hard, the land was ravaged and depleted, many men and died in the steep, narrow mountains, and everyone suffered from hunger and thirst |
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How did the knights beat the Muslims at Antioch and when? |
In 1098, June 2, the knights held the Muslims in the city, eventually, after their supplies were depleted, Bohemond told Ferouz that he could take 100 people of the gate that night and escape, if he left the gate open, Ferouz left with 105 other people to spite them, and then Bohemond killed everybody in the city |
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What happened at Antioch after the knights went into the city, what person had two famous visions, what were these visions, and how did they help the knights win? |
Mosul came and besieged them in the same, resource-depleted city, on the 26th day of the siege, Peter Bartholomew said that in the church of Saint Peter there was a holy lance tip which would give them victory, this lifted the town's spirit, and he also had a vision to divide the army into four parts and exit the city, which they did, on the 28th, the knights left the city, the Muslims fled, and the knights killed all the Muslim's women |
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Where did the crusaders tell their leaders that they were going to, with or without them? |
Jerusalem |
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What happened at Jerusalem? |
Because Peter Bartholomew said that Adhemar had visited him, the Crusaders marched around the city nine times barefoot, then attacked, about 9,000 of the Christians killed 78,000 people, whether soldiers or not |
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What were the four results of the Crusades? |
1. It was the first time in 800 years that the Westerners had invaded somewhere else 2. Merchants made a ton of money 3. There was a huge cultural immersion 4. There was a major Christian impact where they went |
