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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where di the first civilizations emerge from?
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river valleys
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What do epic poems teach?
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legends, stories, and values about a civilization's history
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What is the Sumerian writing system?
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cuneiform
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What is Sumer?
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the first organized civilization to control Mesopotamia
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What is a ziggurat?
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temples from Sumer that cities were centered around
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Who was the first civilization to spread their cultural diversity?
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Sumer
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Who was the first emperor of Mesopotamia and what was his significance?
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Sargon; he built the first unified empire ( it failed because of internal problems and external invasions )
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Who was the second power of mesopotamia?
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Babylon
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Who is Hammurabi?
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King of Babylon; Hammurabi's code; goals were to make Babylon secure, unify Mesopotamia, and win a place in Mesopotamian civilization for Babylon
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What is a civilization?
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citizens join in political, economic, and social organizations where individuals commit to a larger community; ideas, customs, and institutions
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What caused Mesopotamia to become a civilization?
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development of agriculture
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What does Mesopotamia mean?
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land between two rivers
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How did cuneiform evolve?
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clay pictographs to ideograms to phonetic signs
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Describe the religion of Mesopotamia
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Polytheistic; anthropomorphic gods; gods must be respected or else they would flood the rivers
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What were some of the natural resources of Egypt?
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stone, clay, gold, timber
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Who is the pharaoh?
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An Egyptian monarch who controls every element of life in the society; virtually god
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Who was the first pharaoh of Egypt?
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Menes
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What are the dynastic periods of Egypt?
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Archaic, Old Kingdom, First Intermediate, Middle Kingdom, Second Intermediate, and New Kingdom
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What happened during the Archaic period of Egypt?
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the unification of Egypt occurred
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What happened during the Old Kingdom period of Egypt?
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the construction of the pyramids occurred
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What happened during the First Intermediate period of Egypt?
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political chaos occurred
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What happened during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt?
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recovery and political stability occurred
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What happened during the Second Intermediate period of Egypt?
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the Hyksos invasion occurred
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What happened during the New Kingdom period of Egypt?
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the creation of the Egyptian Empire and Akhenaten's religion took place
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Describe the religion of Egypt
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polytheistic; pharaoh was considered to be the falcon-god, Horus; committed to serving the pharaoh
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Which civilization had no slavery, no caste system, and no color bar ( for a long time ) ? Anyone could rise to power if they possessed skill
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Egypt
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What was the Egyptian language?
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hieroglyphics ( developed after cuneiform ) ; hybrid language of pictures and lettering
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Who were the Hyksos and what did they do? When did they arrive?
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nomads looking for good land; they invaded and conquered Egypt; they introduced bronze-making and casting for tools; probably from Israel, arrived around 1800 B.C.
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When did the pharaoh push out the Hyksos?
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The New Kingdom ( 1570 B.C. )
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When did the Egyptian mindset change ( isolation to imperialism ) ?
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The New Kingdom
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Who was Akhenaton and what did he do?
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an Egyptian pharaoh; he changed the religion to monotheistic, but this was not supported by priests or commoners, so after he died the religion went back to polytheistic
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Who was Ramses II and what did he do?
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an Egyptian pharaoh; during his reign, Egypt enjoyed a Golden Age with great wealth, internal peace, and successfulness in combat; he built extravagant temples, statues, monuments, and palaces; after his death, Egypt failed to sustain itself as an empire
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Who were the Sea Peoples?
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the nomads of the sea whose attacks and plundering destroyed parts of Egypt and left it weak and vulnerable; around 1100 B.C.
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Who were the Hittites?
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a group of Indo-European people who settled in modern-day Turkey and has a constant conflict with Egypt; they eventually tied and created a very strong peace agreement; also devastated by Sea Peoples
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Where did the Sea Peoples probably originate?
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the coast of Lebanon
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Who was Saul?
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a Hebrew farmer who became a champion and a leader; he established a monarchy over the 12 Hebrew tribes; was not successful in defeating the Palestinians
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Who was Solomon?
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a Hebrew leader who created a nation out of collected tribes and divided it into 12 districts
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Who was Abraham?
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a Hebrew leader who was part of the Hapiru ( independent nomads ) ; father of Judaism; let his followers to settle in modern-day Israel
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Who was Moses?
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a Hebrew leader who was semi-mythical; leader of the Exodus; settled in Palestine and carved out a place
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Who was King David?
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a Hebrew leader who pushed out the Philistines; won Hebrews security and peace ( Solomon's dad )
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When did the Israelites develop?
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around 1000 B.C.
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What were the three aspects of Judaism that were new among the Near East?
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1. Monotheism
2. the jews were forbidden to represent Yahweh ( or anything that could be worshipped ) in sculpture or painting 3. Yahweh's name could not be spoken |
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What is ethical monotheism?
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Jewish; ethical expectations outlined by religion
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What makes up the Hebrew Bible?
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the Torah ( 1st 5 books ) and the Old Testament
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What is the Covenant?
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in Jewish religion, a promise/agreement between Yahweh and his people ( if they honored him, he would be just )
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What are the Ten Commandments?
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the stone carving of the expectations of Yahweh
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Which religion does not have missionaries?
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Judaism
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Who does Yahweh make a promise with for the Promised Land?
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Abraham
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What are the three main ideas of the Ten Commandments?
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I am supreme, honor and worship me, and act how you are expected to
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When were the Assyrians established?
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around 800 B.C.
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What made Assyria militaristic?
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war-like kings, aggressive and constantly fighting, conquered all old centers of power, very focused on conquering
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Which civilization developed the concept of engineers?
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Assyria
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Who were the Chaldeans?
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a group of new priests and kings that rose to power in Babylon during the Assyrian rule and led the outbreak; conquered Judah
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The domestication of horses is unique to what civilization?
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Persia
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Who was Cyrus the Great?
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a Persian emperor who defeated the Medes, freed the Jews to Palestine once again, conquered Lydia, Iran, Babylon, Mesopotamia, and Judah ( basically everything )
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What is Zoroastrianism?
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a religion prominent after Cyrus the Great's death; ancient and monotheistic; there were two gods, one was evil and one was good; people had to choose between one or the other
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Who was Cambyses?
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Cyrus the Great's son who continued his work and added to the empire
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Who were Darius and Xerxes?
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Persian leaders after Cambyses; carried Persian arms into India
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How did the Persians maintain control over their empire even though it was so vast?
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they divided it into Satraps ( basically districts ) that had a governor who would report
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What was the Royal Road?
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the main highway of communication for the Persians; how the king kept in touch with his subjects
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