Physiology Of Sport And Exercise 5Th Edition: Chapter 4

Front 1

adrenaline

Back 1

Synonym: epinephrine, because of it's origin in the adrenal gland.

Front 2

aldosterone

Back 2

Responsible for 95% of all mineralocorticoid activity. Helps promote renal reabsorption of sodium.

Front 3

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Back 3

An enzyme that aids angiotensin I conversion to it's active form angiotensin II in the lungs.

Front 4

antidiretic hormone (ADH)

Back 4

Produced in the hypothalamus. Secreted by the pituitary's posterior lope.

Front 5

catecholamines

Back 5

Refers to two hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are produced and released by the adrenal medulla.

Front 6

cortisol

Back 6

Also known as hydrocortisone, responsible for about 95% of all glucocorticoid activity in the body.

Front 7

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Back 7

Important second messenger that mediates a specific hormone-receptor response in many cells

Front 8

direct gene activation

Back 8

The process of a steroid hormone binding to it's specific receptors inside a cell, the hormone receptor complex then entering the nucleus, binding to part of the cell's DNA, and activating certain genes.

Front 9

downregulation

Back 9

An increased volume of a specific hormone decreases the number of cell receptors available to it. Thus, the cell becomes less sensitive to that hormone.

Front 10

epinephrine

Back 10

Along with norepinephrine, referred to as catecholamines. Produced and released by the adrenal medulla.

Front 11

erythropietin

Back 11

Regulates red blood cell production by stimulating bone marrow cells.

Front 12

glucagon

Back 12

Promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose and increased gluconeogenesis.

Front 13

glucocorticoids

Back 13

One of the three major types of steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Essential to the ability to adapt to exercise and other forms of stress and help maintain fairly consistent plasma glucose concentrations.

Front 14

growth hormone

Back 14

A potent anabolic agent (a substance that builds up organs and tissues, producing growth and cell differentiation and an increase in size of tissues.

Front 15

hemoconcerntration

Back 15

Muscular activity and sweating cause electrolytes to become concentrated in the blood plasma as more fluid leaves the plasma compared to electrolytes.

Front 16

hemodilution

Back 16

A phenomenon when the actual amount of proteins and electorlytes within the blood remains unaltered, but the substances are dispersed throughout a greater volume of water, so they are diluted and their concentration decreases.

Front 17

hormone

Back 17

Any chemical that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.

Front 18

hyperglycemia

Back 18

Elevated plasma glucose; which occurs after a meal.

Front 19

hypoglycemia

Back 19

Occurs when the plasma glucose concentration falls below normal concentrations.

Front 20

inhibiting factors

Back 20

Secreted by the hypothalamus. In response, the anterior pituitary secretes six hormones.

Front 21

insulin

Back 21

Facilitates glucose transport in to the cells, promotes glycogenesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Front 22

mineralocorticoids

Back 22

Secreted from the adrenal cortex, they maintain electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, especially that of sodium and potassium.

Front 23

nonsteriod hormones

Back 23

Not lipid soluble so they cannot easily cross cell membranes. Two sub-groups: protein or peptide hormones and amino acid-derived hormones.

Front 24

osmolality

Back 24

The ionic concentration of dissolved substances in the plasma.

Front 25

prostaglandins

Back 25

Not hormones by strict definition, but often considered to be a third class of hormones. Derived from a fatty acid, arachidonic acid, and are associated with the plasma membranes of almost all body cells.

Front 26

releasing factors

Back 26

Secreted by the hypothalamus. In response, the anterior pituitary secretes six hormones.

Front 27

renin

Back 27

Enzyme released by the kidneys into the circulation, where it converts a molecule called angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Front 28

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Back 28

Involved in renal control of blood pressure

Front 29

second messenger

Back 29

Formed when a nonsteroid hormone molecule binds to its receptor and triggers a series of reactions.

Front 30

steroid hormones

Back 30

Have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol since most are derived from cholesterol. Soluble in lipids, diffuse easily through cell membranes.

Front 31

target cells

Back 31

Cells that possess specific hormone receptors.

Front 32

thyrotropin

Back 32

Thyroid-stimulating hormone released from the anterior pituitary. Increased during exercise.

Front 33

thyroxine

Back 33

Nonsteroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which regulates metabolism in general, and an additional hormone, calcitonin, which assists in regulating calcium metabolism.

Front 34

triiodothyronine

Back 34

Nonsteroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland which regulates metabolism in general, and an additional hormone, calcitonin, which assists in regulating calcium metabolism.

Front 35

upregulation

Back 35

Rarely, a cell may respond to the prolonged presence of large amounts of a hormone by increasing its number of available receptors. When this happens the cell becomes becomes more sensitive to that hormone because more can be bound at one time.