Physiology Final

Front 1

Excretory System:

Back 1

1.Kidneys
2.Ureters
3.Urinary Bladder
4.Urethra

Front 2

Kidneys: Location

Back 2

posterior abdominal cavity-above waistline due to liver; L kidney slightly higher than R kidney; retroperitoneal (kidneys behind, not in, peritoneal cavity; parietal peritoneum connects kidneys to posterior wall

Front 3

Kidneys: External Structure

Back 3

"bean" shaped; lateral border convex & medial border concave; hilus found at middle part of medial border

Front 4

hilus:

Back 4

entry/exit of bv's, lv's, and nerves

Front 5

Kidneys: Internal Structure

Back 5

1.Renal Capsule
2.Renal Cortex
3.Renal Medulla

Front 6

Renal Capsule:

Back 6

outer layer WFCT covering kidneys

Front 7

Renal Cortex:

Back 7

kidney tissue @ outer surface of kidney just under capsule; find microscopic structures: renal corpucsles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, short loops of henle

Front 8

Renal Medulla:

Back 8

inside Renal Cortex; made up of 6 regions:
1.Renal pyramids
2.renal columns
3.renal papillae
4.minor calyx
5.major calyx
6.renal pelvis

Front 9

renal pyramids:

Back 9

triangular; contain long loops of henle & collecting ducts; alternate with renal columns

Front 10

renal columns:

Back 10

allow bv's to move from hilum to renal cortex for blood supply

Front 11

renal papillae:

Back 11

tips of renal medulla; contains ~20collecting ducts; region where kidney stones form

Front 12

minor calyx:

Back 12

funnel shaped structure; closely associated w/ renal papillae; urine moves from renal papillae to calyx & drains urine from papillae; they fuse together to form major calyx

Front 13

major calyx:

Back 13

drains uring into renal pelvis

Front 14

renal pelvis:

Back 14

large hollow area; collection site of urine; before it exits the body, passes urine into ureter

Front 15

urine pathway out kidney:

Back 15

collecting duct-->renal papillae-->minor calyx-->major calyx-->renal pelvis-->ureter

Front 16

Kidneys: Nephron

Back 16

functional unit of kidney; ~1-3 million/kidney

Front 17

Nephron: Types

Back 17

1.Cortical Nephron
2.Juxtamedullary Nephron

Front 18

Cortical Nephron:

Back 18

largely found in renal cortex; associates w/ short loops of henle; participate in various kidney functions; make up 85% of nephrons in kidneys

Front 19

Juxtamedullary Nephron:

Back 19

partially in renal cortex and partially in renal medulla; associates w/ long loops of henle; participate in mostly all kidney functions; make up 15% of nephrons in kidneys

Front 20

Nephron: Microscopic Structure

Back 20

1.Renal Corpuscle
2.Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3.Loop of Henle
4.Distal Convoluted Tubule
5.Collecting Ducts

Front 21

Nephron: Renal Corpuscle

Back 21

made of
1.Bowmans Capsule
2.Glomerulus

Front 22

Bowmans Capsule:

Back 22

present in 2 layers of cells: outer layer forms "cup" and inner layer made of special cells-podocytes-covering a group of capillaries-glomerulus

Front 23

Glomerulus:

Back 23

tuft of blood capillaries in Bowmans Capsule surrounded by Bowmans space

Front 24

Nephron: Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Back 24

found in Renal Cortex; wavy; leads to loop of henle

Front 25

Nephron: Loop of Henle

Back 25

1.descending limb: thick limb, followed by thin limb, making a turn and leading to
2.ascending limb: thin limb followed by thick limb; connects PCT to DCT

Front 26

Nephron: Distal Convoluted Tubule

Back 26

connects Loop of Henle to a collecting duct; marks end of nephron

Front 27

Nephron: Collecting Ducts

Back 27

not part of nephron

Front 28

Nephron: Associated BV's

Back 28

renal artery carries blood to hilum of kidney & branches:
1.afferent arteriole
2.efferent arteriole
3.peritubular capillaries
4.vesa recta

Front 29

afferent arteriole:

Back 29

carries blood to bowmans capsule and forms glomerulus

Front 30

efferent arteriole:

Back 30

carries blood out of bowmans capsule and to peritubular capillaries @ PCT & DCT

Front 31

peritubular capillaries:

Back 31

carry blood to vasa recta

Front 32

vasa recta:

Back 32

hair pin shaped capillaries around loop of henle (both long & short)

Front 33

Kidney: Fxns

Back 33

1.Excretion of Urine
2.Maintenance of Water Balance
3.Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance
4.Acid-Base Regulation
5.Influence on BP

Front 34

Excretion of Urine:

Back 34

Glomerular Filtration --> Tubular Reabsorption --> Tubular Secretion

Front 35

GLomerular Filtration:

Back 35

1.blood under pressure in glom, creating filtration pressure
2.chemicals forced thru walls of glom, podocytes go into bowmans space & now called: Glomerular Filtrate

Front 36

Glomerular Filtrate contains:

Back 36

Water, Glucose, AA (all relatively small molecules that can pass thru), electrolytes: Na, Ca, Cl, K, HCO3, PO4, SO4, and minute amounts of serum albumin, and vitamins & hormones in small amounts

Front 37

Tubular Reabsorption:

Back 37

chemicals are moved from nephron into peritubular capillaries/vesa recta and are back into blood
1.in PCT
2.in Long Loop of Henle
3.in DCT

Front 38

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT:

Back 38

1.glucose
2.AA
3.Na/K/Ca & Cl
4.HCO3
5.Water
6.Waste products

Front 39

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Glucose

Back 39

reabsorbed into PCT by active transport; up to a certain point- if concentration of glucose > 180 mg/100mL, glucose out into urine-->glucose= threshold substance

Front 40

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: AA

Back 40

reabsorbed in PCT by active transport; threshhold substance

Front 41

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Na/K/Ca

Back 41

reabsorbed into PCT by active transport

Front 42

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Cl

Back 42

follows + ions by diffusion

Front 43

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: HCO3

Back 43

reabsorbed in PCT by facilitated diffusion

Front 44

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Water

Back 44

(80%) reabsorbed in PCT by osmosis, following reabsorbed glucose, AA, and ions

Front 45

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Total Blood vol's

Back 45

1.180L fluid pass thru kidneys each day/24hrs
2.1 1/2 L urine excreted
3.total blood vol of avg person: 5L
4.this 5L passes thru body 36X day

Front 46

Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Waste Products

Back 46

1.Creatine (from skele musc activity)
2.Uric Acid (nucleic acid catabolism)
3.Urea (protein catabolism)
*all eventually excreted thru urine

Front 47

Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle:

Back 47

produce countercurrent osmotic multiplier system
1.Ascending limb
2.Descending limb
3.COMS

Front 48

Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: Ascending limb

Back 48

cells have specific mechanisms:
1.take Na/K/Cl out of filtrate & taking to the interstitial fluid
2.ionic conc decreasing as such ions are removed
3.water does not follow ions out of tube; tube impermeable to water

Front 49

Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: Descending limb

Back 49

1.ions not transported out of tube
2.permeable to water, so it moves out of desc limb to interstitial fluid
3.ionc conc decreased @ tip of loop

Front 50

Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: COMS

Back 50

established by movement of water associated w/ asc & desc limbs
1.by tip of loop & surrounding fluid- high conc of salt solution
2.low conc of salt solution at top of loop
3.concentration gradient formed by high conc to low conc
*see reabsorption of Na/K/Cl

Front 51

Tubular Reabsorption in DCT:

Back 51

1.hyperkalemia
2.hyponatremia
3.effect of aldosterone

Front 52

Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: Hyperkalemia

Back 52

higher than normal K conc in blood; affects adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Front 53

Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: Hyponatremia

Back 53

lower than normal Na concentration in blood; affects adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Front 54

Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: effect of Aldosterone

Back 54

1.stimulates DCT cells to inc reabsorption of Na (Na to DCT to blood)
2.K ions secreted from DCT cells into filtrate & eventually out thru urine
*Na in blood & K in urine maintaining electrolyte balance

Front 55

Tubuluar Secretion:

Back 55

blood --> DCT cells --> urine;
1.K secretion to urine (aldosterone)
2. antibiotics (penicillin)
3.drugs (morphine)
4.sweetners (saccharin)

Front 56

Principle Constituents of Urine:

Back 56

1.Water
2.electrolytes
3.NPN substances (waste products: creatine, urea, uric acid)
4.urochrome (pigment) aka urobilin: from break down of heme of old/dying RBCs into bilirubin & further metabolized in urine as urobilin

Front 57

Kidney Fxn: Maintenance of Water Balance

Back 57

1.Obligatory reabsorption
2.facultative water reabsorption
3.Urea reabsorption

Front 58

Maintenance of Water Balance: Obligatory Reabsorption

Back 58

thru osmosis; 80% water reabsorped thru this method;
1.PCT: Na/Cl/K/HCO3/ from filtrate to blood & water follows these ions
2.LoopHenle: descending limb (permeable to water), so ions pull water out
3.DCT: reaborbed by aldosterone mechanism & Cl follows Na & water follows both

Front 59

Maintenance of Water Balance: Facultative water reabsorption

Back 59

19% water reabsorbed in kidneys thru this method;
1.dependent on hormone mechanism: antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 60

ADH gets involved by:

Back 60

hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that are senstive to osmotic pressure of blood; osmoreceptors send nerve stimuli to posterior pituitary gland and it secretes ADH in response

Front 61

start w/ stimulus: dehydration

Back 61

blood > concentrated than normal, OP higher than normal: stimulates osmoreceptors to secrete ADH in blood & brought by blood to collecting duct: stimulates cells here and cells open up pores in cell membrane & allow water to move into COMS from collecting duct to blood of vasa recta

Front 62

start w/ stimulus: overhydration

Back 62

blood diluted & osomotic presure less than normal: no stimulus to pituitary gland, so no ADH secreted & excess water goes to urine

Front 63

Maintenance of Water Balance: Urea Reabsorption

Back 63

40% urea in filtrate reabsorbed back into the blood; only reabsoprtion under condition that ADH present; associated w/ collecting ducts

Front 64

Urea Reab. physiological fxn:

Back 64

supplement COMS system (adding to concentration gradient); important in facultative water reabsorption into blood

Front 65

Kidney Fxn: Electrolye Balance

Back 65

1.reabsorbs Na/K/CL/HCO3 primarily in PCT
2.reabsorbs Na/Cl in ascending limb of loop of henle
3.regulation of Na/K thru DCT/aldosterone

Front 66

Kidney Fxn: Acid-Base Regulation

Back 66

normal blood pH 7.35-7.45
1.normal conditions: H+ ions released into filtrate & both PCT/DCT

Front 67

H+ in PCT:

Back 67

HCO3 reabsorption

Front 68

H+ in DCT:

Back 68

picture

Front 69

Na2HPO4:

Back 69

in glomerular filtrate --> DCT cells secrete H+ --> Na2H2PO4- acidic, glomerular filtrate reaches pH 6.0

Front 70

Acid-Base Regulation: Acidosis

Back 70

pH blood < 7.35; low HCO3/PCO2 ratio
1.inc prod of NaH2PO4 up to a urine pH6
2.excess acid not compensated by NaH2PO4; higher than norm amts PCO2 entering DCTcells; DCT cells prod NH3 (ammonia; H+ acceptor) from Glutamine
3.DCT cells secrete NH3 & H+ into glom filtrate
4.formation of ammonium: NH3+H+ in glom filtrate->NH4 (acidic compd) in filtrate reducing acidity in fitrate & blood
5.formation of ammonium chloride: NH4+Cl- in filtrate->NH4Cl (pH4.5, lowest pH kidneys can prod)
6.NH4Cl passes thru glom filtrate to urine carrying acid w/ it

Front 71

Acid-Base Regulation: Alkalosis

Back 71

pH blood >7.45; high HCO3/PCO2 ratio
1.excessive amt alkaline sub present in blood
2.PCO2 in DCT cells lower than norm & dont release H+
3.less H+ secreted into glom filtrate
4.HCO3 in blood remains in glom filtrate, combines w/ NA&K ions as NaHCO3 & KHCO3, pass into urine & pH=8

Front 72

Kidney Fxn: Influence on BP

Back 72

1.Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
2.Blood supply to the kidneys reduced: Ischemia or Hponatremia

Front 73

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus:

Back 73

1.Juxtaglomerular cells
2.Macula Densa Cells

Front 74

Juxtaglomerular cells:

Back 74

found in walls of afferent arteriole, next to macula densa cells

Front 75

Macula Densa cells:

Back 75

found in DCT,next to JG cells

Front 76

Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Rxns

Back 76

1.JG cells release Renin into blood
2.Renin breaks down angiotensinogen (from liver) into angiotensin-I
3.angiotensin-I goes to lungs, where angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts it to angiotensin-II

Front 77

Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Effects of Angiotensin-II

Back 77

1.general ateriole vasoconstriction that inc arterial BP & alleviates Ischemia
2.stimulates adrenal cortex gland to secrete aldosterone

Front 78

aldosterone:

Back 78

inc Na reabsorption from DCT into blood->Cl follows Na & water follows both by osmosis into blood-> this inc Na content of blood & water retntion that contributes to inc in BP; *aldosterone action: alleviates low BP & low Na content

Front 79

Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Effects of Angiotensin-II (cont)

Back 79

3.stim inc secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary gland, causing inc facultative water reab & inc blood vol, in turn inc arterial BP; *water to blood alleviates low BP

Front 80

in summary, ang-II :

Back 80

alleviates hyponatremia & ischemia sensed by kidneys

Front 81

Ureters: Location

Back 81

retroperitoneal; medial side of kindey; exten from hilus into pelvic cavity; enter posterior inferior region of urinary bladder

Front 82

Ureters: Structure

Back 82

1.outer layer: fibroelastic CT
2.middle layer: 3 sperate layers of smooth musc
3.inner layer: mucous membrane containing transitional epithelium

Front 83

Ureters: Fxn

Back 83

smooth musc peristaltic contractions cause urine to be moved from kidneys to urinary bladder; active movement, not draining

Front 84

Urinary Bladder: Location

Back 84

retroperitoneal; in pelvic cavity, behind pubic symphysis

Front 85

Urinary Bladder: Outer layer

Back 85

top= parietal peritoneum
sides & bottom= fibroelastic CT

Front 86

Urinary Bladder: Middle layer

Back 86

3 layers of smooth musc= Detrusor muscle

Front 87

Urinary Bladder: Inner Layer

Back 87

1.mucous membrane of transitional epithelium (allows for stretching w/o tearing)
2.trigone: triangular region; formed by 2 urethral openings going into bladder & the urethral opening @ the base

Front 88

Urinary Bladder: Fxn

Back 88

stabilized region to maintain normal orientation of urethral openings & one-way-urine flow into bladder

Front 89

Urinary Bladder: Sphincters associated

Back 89

1.inner/internal: ring of smooth mucs @ base of urinary baldder around urethra; involuntary
2.outer/external: skel musc around urethra distal to inner sphincter; males located next to inner sphincter, females located adjacent to urethral orifice

Front 90

Urinary Bladder: Fxns

Back 90

1.reservoir for urine
2.micturation: elimination of urine from body; controlled by nervous reflex

Front 91

micturation:

Back 91

1.bladder fills to ~300mL
2.stretch receptors in bladder send sersory impulses to spinal cord
3.motor impulses come back to bladder & stimulate contraction of detrusor musc w/ relaxation of internal sphincter
4.external sphincter relaxes, urine flows

Front 92

Urethra:

Back 92

from bladder to outside; tube-like structure

Front 93

Urethra: location

Back 93

1.males: base of bladder thru prostate gland and to penis
2.females: anterior to vagina

Front 94

Urethra: Fxns

Back 94

1.males: conducts urine & semen to outside body
2.females: conducts only urine outside body

Front 95

problems in kidneys:

Back 95

1.kidney stones: calculi; 4 kinds, 85% calcium oxalate; stone precipitates in renal papillae, parts break off and go into renal pelvis, into ureter; staghorn calculus: when kideny infection; ammonium salts

Front 96

Endocrine System: General Mode of Activity

Back 96

1.endoc glands synthesize hormones: steroids, amines, small peptides, proteins
2.glands release hormones into blood
3.hormones transported in blood, arrive @ target tissue where bind w/ receptors (cepcific combos)
4.hormone receptors combine @ cell membrane of cells causing alteration of enzymatic activities in cells

Front 97

Endocrine sys: Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis

Back 97

master gland

Front 98

Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis: Location

Back 98

in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Front 99

Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis: Components

Back 99

1.Infundibulum
2.Posterior Pituitary Gland
3.Anterior Pituitary Gland

Front 100

Infundibulum:

Back 100

hypophyseal stalk; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

Front 101

Posterior Pituitary Gland:

Back 101

Neurohypophysis/Pars Nervosa

Front 102

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Back 102

Adenohypophysis/Pars Distalis; not functionally connected to infundibulum in physical means & hypothalamus

Front 103

Posterior Pituitary Secretions:

Back 103

ADH & Oxytocin
1.both produced in hypothalamus
2.both transported to post pit by infundibulum
3.both stored in post pit
4.both released from post pit by nerve impulses

Front 104

ADH:

Back 104

facultative water absorption in kidney; diabetes insipidus: lack of secretion of ADH->produces poly uria

Front 105

poly uria:

Back 105

excretion of large volume of dilute urine; can be alleviated

Front 106

Oxytocin:

Back 106

associated w/ childbirth; stimulates uterin smooth musc contractions @ time of labor & delivery; then stimulates milk lactation from breast thru nerve sucking reflex

Front 107

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Back 107

1.produces & secretes Trophic Hormones (controls for all other endocrine secretions)

Front 108

Anterior Pituitary Gland: Releasing hormones

Back 108

produced in hypothalamus & control secretion of Trophic hormones by ant pit gland; control a specific trophic hormone: hypothylamic-hypophyseal portal system (HHP)

Front 109

HHP:

Back 109

series of BVs that begin in hypothalamus, passes thru infundibulum & terminates in ant pit.

Front 110

overall,

Back 110

realeasing hormone -> HHP -> ant pit -> secretes trophic hormones

Front 111

Antior Pituitary Secretions:

Back 111

1.Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)
2.Gonadotrophic Hormones
3.Adrenocorticotophic Hormone (ACTH)
4.Thyrotrophic/ Thryroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
5.Lactogenic Hormone/Prolactin (Dopamine)
6.Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone (PIH)

Front 112

STH/GH:

Back 112

1.stimulates liver secretion of somatomedins/isulin-like growth factor: stimulates growth of long bones
2.stimulates AA intake into cells in general; favors protein synthesis
3.decreases glucose utilization by skeletal musc cells
4.glycogenolysis in liver; break down glycogen to flucose; glucose out liver & into blood; occurs b/w meals helping maintain norm glucose conc
5.lypolysis in adipose tiss; favors break down of triglycerides into fa & glycerole, to the liver, produces keto acids
6.hypersecretion

Front 113

Hypersecretion: Adolescence

Back 113

Giantism; stimulates bone growth before closure of long bones; tall heights (8ft); tallest man 8'11"

Front 114

Hypersecretion: Adult

Back 114

Tumor in ant/post pit gland; increases growth in facial bones, cartilages of skull, and soft tiss of hands/feet

Front 115

Gonadotrophic Hormones:

Back 115

1.Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2.Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 116

FSH:

Back 116

1.females: stimulates production of eggs in ovary; stimulates ovarian tube to secrete estrogen
2.males: stimulates production of sperm in testis

Front 117

LH:

Back 117

1.females: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle; induces ovulation (egg out follice); stimulates production corpus luteum; stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen & progesterone
2.males: aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH); stimulates leydig cells in testis to secrete testosterone

Front 118

ACTH:

Back 118

1.stimulates maintenance & fxning of adrenal cortex, except zonaglomerulosa
2.stimulates production & secretion of adrenocorticosteroid hormones

Front 119

TSH:

Back 119

1.maintains theyroid gland
2.stimulates secretion of Thyroid Gland: T3 & T4

Front 120

Prolactin/Dopamine:

Back 120

1.females: stimulate milk production in lactating breast
2.males: enhances testosterone secretion from testis

Front 121

PIH:

Back 121

inhibits prolactin secretion in non-pregnant females

Front 122

Thyroid Gland: Location

Back 122

Bi-lobe structure w/ H shape found in the neck; anterior to trachea; just below the larynx

Front 123

Thyroid Gland: Hormones Production

Back 123

1.Thyroxine (T4, Tetraiodothyronine-4; # iodine mol.): long lasting
2.TriIodothyronine (T3): short time period operations
3.Calcitonin

Front 124

Thyroid Gland: Control of T3-T4 secretion

Back 124

picture

Front 125

Thyroid Gland: Actions of T3-T4

Back 125

stimulate:
1.Rate of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Metab- generates heat & normally closely regulated T3T4, so CHO metab & body temp also closely regulated
2.Protein Synthesis

Front 126

Thyroid Gland: Abnormalities of Thyroxine-Related Fxns:

Back 126

1.Hypothyroidism
2.Hyperthyroidism

Front 127

Hypothyroidism:

Back 127

caused by lack of iodine in diet; thyroid cells trying to inc as much iodine as possible, so enlarge the gland
1.Idiopathic Non-toxic Goiter
2.Cretinism

Front 128

Idiopathic Non-Toxic Goiter:

Back 128

Myxedema; form hypothyroidism w/ unknown cause; occurs in adults; T3T4 levels low in blood -> low CHO metab levels -> low levels body temp -> lethargy -> bradycardia (slow HR)

Front 129

Cretinism:

Back 129

associated w/ fetal development; thyroid gland not completely developed/developed properly; lack of T3T4 -> normal growth stunted -> dwarfism; abnormal develop can eventually lead to MR

Front 130

Hyperthyroidism:

Back 130

caused by excessive T3T4 secretions
1.Exopthalmic Goiter-Graves Disease

Front 131

Exopthalmic Goiter: Symptoms

Back 131

slightly enlarged gland bc oversecretion; inc rate of metab -> inc body temp -> excessive sweating -> nervous/tense -> tachycardia (inc HR); expothalmos= accumulation of fluid behind eyes, inc press -> protruding eyes

Front 132

Exopthalmic Goiter: Cause

Back 132

production of abnormal Protein: TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin; autoimmune problem; Blymphocytes produce TSI -> TSI stimulates thyroid to abnormally oversecrete

Front 133

Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin

Back 133

not under the influence of ant pit gland as T3T4 are

Front 134

Calcitonin reduces Ca levels in blood by:

Back 134

1.stim osteoblasts -> make new bone tiss -> Ca from blood put into new bone, reducing levels in blood
2.inhibits osteoclasts
3.inhibits Ca uptake from small int
4.inhibits Ca reabsorption in PCT of nephron

Front 135

Thyroid Gland: Parathyroid Glands

Back 135

4; not under influence of ant pit gland; influence related to Ca in blood

Front 136

Parathyroid Glands: Location

Back 136

embedded in lobes of posterior surface of thyroid gland (seperate tissues for each gland)

Front 137

Parathyroid Glands: Hormone Production

Back 137

Parathormone or Parathyroid Hormone

Front 138

Parathormone Fxn:

Back 138

exactly opp of calcitonin:
1.inhibits osteoblasts
2.stimulates osteoclasts, breaking down bone & adding Ca to blood
3.stimulates Ca uptake in sm int
4.stimulates Ca reabsorption in PCT of nephron

Front 139

Thyroid Gland: Adrenal Glands

Back 139

2; Suprarenal Glands

Front 140

Adrenal Glands: Location

Back 140

superior surfaces of kidneys

Front 141

Adrenal Glands: Structures

Back 141

2 tissue layers:
1.Adrenal Cortex- outer tiss; under control of ant pit
2.Adrenal Medulla-inside renal cortex; under control of symp NS

Front 142

* missed class

Back 142

* missed class notes

Front 143

Male Reproductive System: Scrotum

Back 143

sac of skin located below penis, containing testis & epididymis
1.Cryptochidism

Front 144

Cryptochidism:

Back 144

prior to birth, testis & epididymis in abdominal cavity -> pass thru inguinal canal -> scrotum; with some males, testes dont descend & have cryptochidism; can cause to become sterile

Front 145

Male Reproductive System: Testis

Back 145

1.Tunica Vaginalis
2.Tunica Albuginea
3.Seminiferous Tubules
4.Leydig Cells
5.Tubulus Rectus
6.Rete Testis
7.Efferent Ductules

Front 146

Tunica Vaginalis

Back 146

membrane surrounding testes & epididymis

Front 147

Tunica Albuginea

Back 147

outer coat of testies; WFCT; from surface, extensions (septa) inward forming compartments

Front 148

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 148

in compartments; closed circular tubules; 1/compartment; site in testies where sperm produced

Front 149

Leydig Cells

Back 149

w/in compartments, but outside seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone
1.ICSH influence
2.Testosterone influence

Front 150

ICSH:

Back 150

from ant pit -> stimulates leydig cells to produce & secrete testosterone

Front 151

Testosterone:

Back 151

creates 2ndary sex char; needed for prod of sperm; once matured needed to maintain structure & fxning of epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, & prostate gland

Front 152

Tubulis Rectus:

Back 152

connects simiferous tubule to a network of tubules: Rete Testis

Front 153

Rete Testis:

Back 153

connects to efferent ductules

Front 154

Efferent ductules:

Back 154

connect Rete Testis to epididymis (single tubule)

Front 155

pathway of sperm out of Testis:

Back 155

seminiferous tubules -> tubulis Rectus -> Rete Testis ->efferent ductules

Front 156

Male Reproductive System: Epididymis

Back 156

single tubule; highly convoluted; measures 18-20' in length; located in C shaped structure on post side of testis

Front 157

Epididymis Fxn:

Back 157

store sperm arriving in it; maturation process occurs- capacitation (if not mature in epididymis, cant fertilize an egg)

Front 158

Male Reproductive System: Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens

Back 158

epididymis opens into it; muscular tube with wall of smooth musc; passes from epididymis into inguinal canal, into abdominal cavity, over top of urinary bladder, down to base of bladder on post side, fuses w/ duct of seminal vessicle creating ejaculatory duct

Front 159

Male Reproductive System: Ejaculatory Duct

Back 159

opens into urethra, just below prostate gland

Front 160

Male Reproductive System: Seminal Vesicles

Back 160

small glands; Fxn: secrete higher conc of fructose & AA; seminal fluid produced in fructose & AA serve as nutrients for sperm in fluid; 60% sperm in seminal fluid

Front 161

Male Reproductive System: Prostate Gland

Back 161

@ base of urinary bladder; surrounds urethra

Front 162

Prostate Gland Fxn:

Back 162

secretes alkaline fluid (pH7.5)
1.enhances sperm motility
2.protective agent a/g female acidic reproductive tract

Front 163

Male Reproductive System: Cowper's Gland/Bulbourethral Gland

Back 163

just below prostate gland

Front 164

Cowper's Gland Fxn:

Back 164

secretes clear, viscous fluid into urethra, lubricating (secretions occur before passage of seminal fluid thru urethra)

Front 165

Male Reproductive System: Penis

Back 165

male copulatory organ; many tissues
1.Erectile Tissue
2.Connective tissue
3.Outer layer of skin
4.Reproductive Fxn

Front 166

Penis: Erectile Tissue

Back 166

contains blood sinuses:
1.Corpora Carvernos
2.Corpus Spongiosum

Front 167

Corpora Carvernos:

Back 167

2 superior columns connected

Front 168

Corpus Spongiosum:

Back 168

encircles urethra & expands into glans @ distal end of penis

Front 169

Penis: Outer layer of skin

Back 169

convers CT & extends over length of penis; @ distal end forms a fold- Prepuce/Foreskin;

Front 170

Penis: Reproductive Fxn

Back 170

insemination in female/copulation/coitus; 3 phases:
1.erection
2.emission
3.ejaculation

Front 171

1.Erection

Back 171

sexual arousal/physiological or physical stimuli

Front 172

2.Emission

Back 172

sperm & seminal fluid transported from epididymis (after capacitation) to urethra by symp stimuli to sm musc of vas deferens by peristalsis; contents now in bulb of penis

Front 173

3.Ejaculation

Back 173

parasymp. stimuli cause vasodilation of arterioles -> great deal of blood entering blood sinuses of erctile tiss -> venous drainage reduced -> sensory imupulses from glans sent to spinal cord -> reflex occurs & motor impulses come back to skel musc: Bulbocavernosus Muscle, surrounding bulb of penis -> causes strong contraction occurs in waves and ejaculate