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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Testes (3)
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-Male gonads
-250–300 compartments -Seminiferous tubules +Sperm production |
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Cells of the Testis (2)
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-cells (interstitial cells)
+Secrete testosterone -Sertoli cells (epithelial cells) +Support sperm development |
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Reproductive Tract
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Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis Efferent ductules Exit testis Epididymis Vas deferens |
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Reproductive Tract
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Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Urethra Bulbourethral glands |
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Accessory Glands (3)
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-Seminal vesicles
+Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins -Prostate gland +Secrete citrate and enzymes -Bulbourethral glands +Secrete viscous fluid with mucus |
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Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive Function in Males (2)
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-Gonadotropins
+FSH =Stimulates gametogenesis +LH =Stimulates androgen secretion |
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Sperm (3)
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-Head
+Chromosomes +Acrosome =Enzymes necessary for fertilization -Midpiece +Mitochondria -Tail +Whiplike movements propel sperm |
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Sperm Maturation (3)
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-Spermatozoa released into lumen of seminiferous tubules
+Immotile +20 days -Move to epididymis by peristaltic contractions and flow of lumenal fluid +Acquire motility -Move to vas deferens by peristalsis +Remain in vas deferens until ejaculation |
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Follicles (3)
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-Follicles—contain one ovum
-Develop in ovary -Start as primordial follicle +Oocyte (= ovum) +Granulosa cells |
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Uterus (4)
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-Site of fetal development
-Body = upper portion -Cervix = canal leading to vagina -Cervix + vagina = birth canal |
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Wall of Uterus (3)
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-Outer layer = perimetrium
+Epithelial cells and connective tissue -Middle layer = myometrium +Smooth muscle +Thickest layer -Inner layer = endometrium +Layer of epithelial cells +Layer of connective tissue |
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Uterine Tubes (2)
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-Fimbriae
+Pick up released ovum -Movement of ovum through uterine tube +Initially – peristaltic contractions +Mostly – ciliary actions +Duration – 4-7 days to uterus |
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Hormonal Control of Ovulation
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LH surge triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum in luteal phase
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Fertilization (3)
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-Fertilization usually takes place in uterine tube
-Sperm must be introduced into female reproductive tract within five days before ovulation +Sperm viable for 5 days +Oocyte viable for 12–24 hours -Sperm initially incapable of fertilization +Requires capacitation |
Where does it take place?
Time How long sperm and egg last. |
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Events of Fertilization (3)
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-Several sperm reaching ovum try penetrating first cell layers
-Acrosome reaction triggered, with acrosomal enzymes released -Enzymes break through zona pellucida (jelly coat) allowing sperm to access oocyte |
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Events of Fertilization (3)
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-First sperm to access oocyte binds to receptor on oocyte plasma membrane
-Sperm fusion – into cytoplasm -Sperm-binding proteins become inactivated and zona pellucida hardens preventing polyspermy |
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Polyspermy prevention (2)
When sperm and egg bind |
-Fast Block
+Na+ influx occurs causes (-) membrane potential which attracts sperms to change to (+) which repels sperm - lasts for about a minute -Slow Block +Ca+2 released stimulates cortical granules (in jelly coat) to release - protein barrier surrounds egg |
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Fertilization (4)
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-Fusion stimulates 2nd meiotic division of oocyte
+Oocyte -> ovum -Sperm plasma membrane disintegrates -Chromosomes from sperm and ovum migrate to center -DNA replicated -> zygote |
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Early Embryonic Development and Implantation (2)
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-Mitotic divisions -> morula
+Cell cleavage (no increase in overall size) +Totipotent up to 16–32 cell stage |
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Implantation (3)
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-Occurs 6–7 days post-fertilization
-Trophoblast responsible for implantation +Secretes enzymes that digest endometrial cells to provide nourishment for embryo +Secretes paracrines that stimulate decidual response +Infiltrates endometrial tissue to develop into placenta |
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Blastocyst Attaches to Endometrial Lining
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Endometrium swells, increases glycogen stores
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Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy (3)
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-hCG secreted from placenta
+Sustains corpus luteum -Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone first two months of pregnancy -Placenta secretes estrogens and progesterone remainder of pregnancy |
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Prevention of Ovulation During Pregnancy
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Progesterone inhibits LH, and FSH release, preventing LH surge
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Non-pregnancy (8)
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-Mature egg released
-Corpus luteum releases progesterone -Endometrial lining thickens -Fertilization does not occur -Egg implants into endometrium -Corpus luteum stops releasing Prog. -Endometrial lining blood vessels contrict -Endometrium cells die and are sloughed off (Menstruation) |
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Pregnancy (9)
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-Mature egg released
-Corpus luteum releases progesterone -Endometrial lining thickens -Fertilization occurs -Zygote implants into endometrium -Zygote and forming placenta release HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) -HCG targets corpus luteum causing continued prog. Release -Corpus luteum will cont. for 2 months or so -Placenta now produces its own Prog. -Prog. Inhibits FSH release |
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Pregnancy Prevention (2)
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-The Pill
+Progesterone +Inhibits FSH - no egg developing -RU 486 +Blocks progesterone receptors on endometrium +No thickened lining for egg to implant |
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