Module 8 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Gray Matter

Back 1

Collections of neuron cell bodies and their associated neuroglia

Front 2

White Matter

Back 2

Bundles of parallel axons and their coverings

Front 3

Decussation

Back 3

The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right

Front 4

Vital Functions

Back 4

Those functions of the body necessary for life

Front 5

Commissures

Back 5

Connections of neuron axons that allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another

Front 6

What is hypoxia? Why is it dangerous to the nervous system?

Back 6

Hypoxia is a condition in which the brain is not getting enough oxygen due to a poor blood supply. It is dangerous because it kills neurons, which cannot be replaced.

Front 7

What is hypoglycemia? What can that do to the brain?

Back 7

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which the glucose levels in your blood get too low. This affects the brain because the neurons need glucose. Without glucose, they cannot produce the energy they need to do their jobs. the person may lose mental sharpness, temporarily faint, or ultimately go into a coma.

Front 8

Arrange the following structures from inferior to superior

(midbrain, hypothalamus, pons, medulla oblongata, thalamus)

Back 8

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus

Front 9

Which of these structures is a part of the brainstem?

Back 9

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Front 10

Which of the structures is a part of the diencephalon?

Back 10

Thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 11

In which of the structures does most of the decussation of neurons take place?

Back 11

Medulla oblongata

Front 12

Which of the structures has nuclei that control many of the body's vital functions?

Back 12

Medulla oblongata

Front 13

Which of the structures have nuclei specifically dedicated to reflexes involving the senses of hearing and sight?

Back 13

Midbrain

Front 14

Which of the structures relays messages from the cerebrum to the cerebellum?

Back 14

Pons

Front 15

Which of the structures controls the pituitary gland?

Back 15

Hypothalamus

Front 16

Which of the structures performs a crude interpretation of sensory information and then relays that information to the cerebrum?

Back 16

Thalamus

Front 17

If you were to think of the cerebrum as a series of hills and valleys, would the gyri be the hills or the valleys? What about the sulci?

Back 17

The gyri would be the hills, and the sulci would be the valleys.

Front 18

Which major structure in the brain deals with the motor functions that we perform without consciously thinking of them?

Back 18

Cerebellum

Front 19

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum? There are other structures in the brain and spinal cord that perform the same task. What is the general term that describes all of these structures?

Back 19

The corpus callosum allows the two hemishperes of the brain to communicate with one another. The general term for such structures is commissures.

Front 20

Back 20

a. brain stem

b. temporal lobe

c. lateral fissure

d. frontal lobe

e. central sulcus

f. parietal lobe

g. occipital lobe

h. cerebellum

Front 21

Back 21

a. primary somatic sensory area--receives and localizes general sensations from the entire body

b. somatic sensory association area--interprets the sensory information and puts it into context with past experiences

c. visual association area--recognizes the meaning of visual information by putting it into context with past experiences

d. visual cortex--interprets the basic visual information such as shape, color, and size

e. Wernicke's area--comprehends speech

f. auditory association area--interprets the meaning of sound by placing it into context with past experiences

g. primary auditory area--interprets the basics of sound such as pitch and volume

h. Broca's area--initiates the muscle movements for speech

i. taste area--interprets taste

j. prefrontal area--site of motivation and foresight; regulates mood and emotion, inhibits impulsive behavior

k. premotor area--works out the sequence of neural signals needed for learned complex emotions

l. primary motor cortex--initiates basic skeletal muscle movements

Front 22

Back 22

a. dorsal root ganglion

b. afferent (sensory) neuron

c. efferent (motor) neuron

d. association neuron

e. ventral root

f. gray matter (ventral or anterior horn)

g. white matter (dorsal column)

Front 23

What are the three neurons in a reflex arc, and in what order are they activated?

Back 23

Afferent neuron, association neuron, and efferent neuron. They are activated in that order. First, the afferent neuron sends the sensory information to the spinal cord. The association neuron then routes the signal to the efferent neuron, and finally the efferent neuron stimulates the muscle to contract.

Front 24

Where can you find the association neuron in the reflex arc?

Back 24

In the spinal cord

Front 25

Of the three neuron circuits we discussed in the previous module, which type of circuit is formed by the afferent neuron in the reflex arc?

Back 25

Diverging circuit

Front 26

Of the three neuron circuits we discussed in the previous module, which type of circuit is formed by the afferent neuron in the reflex arc?

Back 26

Converging circuit

Front 27

In the reflex arc, of which kind of circuit is the efferent neuron a part?

Back 27

Converging circuit

Front 28

Where is the majority of cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 28

In the lateral ventricles

Front 29

Where is the rest of cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Back 29

In the third and fourth ventricles

Front 30

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 30

To cushion and protect the brain

Front 31

What are the three layers that protect the brain?

Back 31

The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Collectively, they are called the meninges

Front 32

What are arachnoid granulations?

Back 32

Arachnoid granulations are extensions of arachnoid mater, which return CSF into the superior sagittal sinus so that it returns to the blood within the sinus