Module 10 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Neurosecretory

Back 1

Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormones rather than neurotransmitters.

Front 2

Prostaglandins

Back 2

Biologically active lipids that produce many effects in the body, including smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, and blood clotting.

Front 3

Compare the nervous and endrocrine systems in terms of:
a. speed of response
b. duration of influence
c. effectors controlled
d. strength of the signal
e. ability to be repaired

Back 3

Nervous:
a. quick response
b. brief duration of influence
c. controls muscles and glands
d. signal strength is determined by the frequency of the signal
e. usually irrepairable

Endocrine:
a. slow response
b. long duration of influence
c. controls almost all the cells in the body
d. signal strength is determined by the amount of hormone released and the number of receptors in the target cells
e. repairable

Front 4

Under what conditions would a hormone need a carrier protein?

Back 4

Hormones must be carried in the blood. If the hormone cannot dissolve in water, it will need a carrier protein in order to be transported by the blood, which is water based.

Front 5

Back 5

a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary gland
c. thyroid gland
d. adrenal glands
e. ovaries in females
f. pineal body
g. parathyroids
h. thymus
i. pancreas
j. testes in males

Front 6

What two ways are hormones eliminated from the body?

Back 6

Hormones are eliminated by the kidneys in the urine and by the liver in the feces

Front 7

GHRH

Back 7

Growth Releasing Hormone: Hypothalamus: Increases the release of GH from the anterior pituitary

Front 8

CRH

Back 8

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone: Hypothalamus: Increases the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary

Front 9

TRH

Back 9

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone: Hypothalamus: Increases the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary

Front 10

PIH

Back 10

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone: Hypothalamus: Decreases the release of PRL from the anterior pituitary

Front 11

GnRH

Back 11

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone: Hypothalamus: Increases the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

Front 12

GH

Back 12

Growth Hormone: Anterior Pituitary: Increases growth in most tissues

Front 13

TSH

Back 13

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: Anterior Pituitary: Increases the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland

Front 14

ACTH

Back 14

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: Anterior Pituitary: Increases the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Front 15

LH

Back 15

Luteinizing Hormone: Anterior Pituitary: Stimulates ovaries or testes

Front 16

FSH

Back 16

Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Anterior Pituitary: Stimulates ovaries or testes

Front 17

PRL

Back 17

Prolactin: Anterior Pituitary: Stimulates milk production in the breasts

Front 18

MSH

Back 18

Increases the synthesis of melanin in melanocytes

Front 19

ADH

Back 19

Antidiuretic Hormone: Posterior Pituitary: Increases the retention of water by the kidneys

Front 20

OT

Back 20

Oxytocin: Posterior Pituitary: Increases the contractions of the uterus during birth and promotes the release of breast milk

Front 21

TH

Back 21

Thyroxine: Thyroid: Increases the metabolic rate of most cells

Front 22

Calcitonin

Back 22

Thyroid: Lowers blood calcium levels

Front 23

PTH

Back 23

Parathyroid Hormone: Parathyroid: Increases blood calcium levels

Front 24

E

Back 24

Epinephrine: Adrenal Medulla: Increases sympathetic response

Front 25

NE

Back 25

Norepinphrine: Adrenal Medulla: Increases sympathetic response

Front 26

Cortisol

Back 26

Adrenal Cortex: Increases protein and fat break-down in most tissues

Front 27

Aldosterone

Back 27

Adrenal Cortex: Increases the retention of sodium and water by the kidneys

Front 28

Insulin

Back 28

Pancreas: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating cells to take in glucose

Front 29

Glucagon

Back 29

Pancreas: Raises blood glucose by causing liver to release glucose

Front 30

Estrogen

Back 30

Ovaries: Reproductive hormone in females

Front 31

Progesterone

Back 31

Ovaries: Reproductive hormone in females

Front 32

Testosterone

Back 32

Testes: Reproductive hormone in males

Front 33

Melatonin

Back 33

Pineal Body: Affects release of GnRH by hypothalamus; affects day/night sleep cycles

Front 34

Thymosin

Back 34

Thymus: Develops immune functions

Front 35

What are the three basic types of hormones?

Back 35

Amine, steroid, and protein/peptide

Front 36

Which stimulate membrane-bound receptors only?

Back 36

The peptide/proteins stimulate membrane-bound receptors since they are water-soluble and too big to get into the cell. Most amines stimulate membrane-bound receptors since they are water-soluble and slightly too big to enter cells. Thyroxine is an amine that is an exception; it binds to nuclear receptors.

Front 37

Which stimulate nuclear receptors only?

Back 37

Steroid hormones stimulate nuclear receptors only, because they are lipid-soluble and can diffuse right through the cell membrane.

Front 38

List three ways that secretion of hormones is controlled. Briefly describe each one.

Back 38

1. Nonhormonal control: The level of a chemical other than a hormone affects the endocrine glands. Variations of that chemical's level will stimulate or inhibit hormone secretion.

2. Direct neural control: The nervous system innervates the gland with neurons. Those neurons secrete neurotransmitters to stimulate the gland to secrete the hormone, or the neurons secrete the hormone directly as a neurohormone.

3. Hormonal control: One gland releases a hormone which stimulates another gland to release a different hormone.

Front 39

The level of a particular hormone in the body varies widely. Although it varies, the level can be predicted based on the time of day that it is measure. Which pattern of secretion is this?

Back 39

Since the hormone appears in a repeating pattern that can be predicted, it is not acute response. Since the variation is wide, it is not constant secretion. This must by cyclic secretion.

Front 40

A hormone interacts with a receptor, stimulating the cell to synthesize and secrete a new protein. Is the receptor a nuclear receptor or membrane-bound?

Back 40

This is a nuclear receptor. If the protein has to be made, the receptor must have activated a gene in the nucleus.

Front 41

A target cell for a particular hormone seems to respond more strongly than it did in the past. List two ways that this could occur.

Back 41

Either the amount of hormone has increased or the target cell has made more receptors for this hormone.

Front 42

If a person has a painful, bleeding injury to the nose, should aspirin be given to help? Why or why not?

Back 42

No--aspirin decreases prostaglandins, especially the "bad" ones that increase inflammation and blood clotting. The aspirin will decrease the pain, which is inflammation, but it will also decrease blood clotting. That's not what we want if the injury keeps bleeding.