Module 9 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Sensory Receptor

Back 1

An organ which responds to a specific type of stimulus of triggering an action potential on a sensory neuron.

Front 2

Sensory Receptors

Back 2

An organ that responds to a specific type of stimulus by triggering an action potential on a sensory neuron.

Front 3

Somatic Receptors

Back 3

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons.

Front 4

Visceral Receptors

Back 4

Sensory receptors in the internal organs.

Front 5

Special Receptors

Back 5

Sensory receptors in specific locations.

Front 6

Mechanoreceptors

Back 6

Sensory receptors that respond to movement, whether it is light touch, vibration, or pressure.

Front 7

Thermoreceptors

Back 7

Sensory receptors that respond to heat or cold.

Front 8

Photoreceptors

Back 8

Sensory receptors that respond to light.

Front 9

Chemoreceptors

Back 9

Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals.

Front 10

Nociceptors

Back 10

Sensory receptors that respond to several types of excess stimulation, which is termed pain.

Front 11

Cutaneous Receptors

Back 11

Receptors in the skin.

Front 12

Proprioreceptors

Back 12

Receptors in the skeletal muscles and tendons.

Front 13

The cell body of a neuron is housed in the spinal cord, and its axon travels all the way to the effector it controls. Is this an autonomic neuron or a somatic motor neuron? What is the effector?

Back 13

This is a somatic motor neuron, as autonomic neurons all have a synapse at an autonomic ganglion in between the CNS and the effector. It innervates a skeletal muscle.

Front 14

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS according to:

a. Length of the neurons

b. Where in the body the neurons can be found

c. Position of the autonomic ganglia

Back 14

Sympathetic-

a. Preganglionic neuron is short while the postganglionic neuron is long

b. Can be found all over the body

c. Autonomic ganglia close to the spinal cord

Parasympathetic-

a. Preganglionic neuron is long while the postganglionic neuron is short

b. Can be found only in the head, neck, and trunk

c. Autonomic ganglia close to the effector

Front 15

Given the following receptors, classify them first as either somatic, visceral, or special. Then classify them again as either a mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, photoreceptor, or nociceptor.

a. Hair follicle receptors

b. Olfactory neurons

c. Taste buds

d. Pain receptors in the kidney

e. Free nerve endings in the skin that detect cold temperatures

f. Rods and cones

g. Hair cells in the macula of the vestibule

h. Golgi tendon organ

Back 15

a. Hair follicle receptors--somatic, mechanoreceptors

b. Olfactory neurons--special, chemoreceptors

c. Taste buds--special, chemoreceptors

d. Pain receptors in the kidneys--visceral, nociceptors

e. Free nerve endings in the skin that detect cold temperatures--somatic, thermoreceptors

f. Rods and cones--special, photoreceptors

g. Hair cells in the macula of the vestibule--special, mechanoreceptors

h. Golgi tendon organ--somatic, mechanoreceptors

Front 16

You feel someone poking you in the back of the head. It is painful. What doe the cerebral cortex's interpretation of projection tell you about this touch? What does the cerebral cortex's interpretation of modality tell you?

Back 16

Projection tells you the location. So, interpretation of projection tells you it is in the back of the head. Modality tells you whether the sensation is hot or cold, light touch or pressure. So, interpretation of modality tells you that it is painful.

Front 17

Back 17

a. free nerve endings: receptors for heat, cold, itch, and pain
b. Merkel's disks: receptors for light touch
c. hair follicle receptors: receptors that detect the movement of hair
d. Pacinian corpuscle: pressure receptors
e. Meissner's corpuscles: two-point discrimination (light touch and pressure)
f. Ruffini's end organ: pressure and stretch receptors

Front 18

Which proprioceptors detect the extent to which a muscle is relaxed (extended)? Which detect the extent to which the muscle is contracted?

Back 18

Muscle spindle detects the extent to which the muscle is relaxed (extended), while Golgi tendon organs detect the extent to which the muscle is contracted

Front 19

There are at least four conditions that must be met before we can smell a substance. What are they?

Back 19

1. The substance must be airborne and volatile

2. The substance must get to the olfactory epithelium. So, the airborne chemical must rise into the olfactory recess

3. The substance must get through the mucous layer and into the cell. So, the substance must be at least somewhat water soluble and somewhat lipid soluble

4. The substance must be recognized by the receptors. So, the substance must be able to bind to a receptor on the olfactory neuron

Front 20

You walk into and smell a musty odor. The residents of the house do not smell it. Why not? Will you continue to smell the odor?

Back 20

The residents don't recognize the smell because olfactory receptors are quick to adapt. So, after a while, they do not send the signals to the brain. You will stop smelling it, eventually, since your olfactory receptors will adapt, too.

Front 21

What types of papillae are found on the tongue? Which of these papillae have taste buds associated with them?

Back 21

The tongue contains circumvallate papillae, filiform papillae, foliate papillae, and fungiform papillae. All but filiform papillae have taste buds associated with them.

Front 22

Name the five taste sensations. Which is the taste of amino acids?

Back 22

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Umami is the taste of amino acids (proteins).

Front 23

Back 23

a. auricle
b. external auditory meatus
c. tympanic membrane
d. auditory ossicles
e. semicircular canals
f. cochlea

Front 24

Back 24

a. utricular macula
b. ampulla
c. vestibule (made of utricle and saccule)
d. saccular macula
e. cochlea

f. otoliths
g. gelatinous matrix
h. kinocilium
i. stereocilia
j. hair cell
k. support cell
l. cupula
m. hair cell
n. crista ampullaris

Front 25

Which of the structures above are involved in the sense of static equilibrium? Which are involved in the sense of dynamic equilibrium?

Back 25

The ultricular macula, vestibule, saccular macula, otoliths, gelatinous matrix, kinocilium, stereocilia, hair cells, and supporting cells are involved in static equilibrium, while the ampulla, cupula, hair cells, and crista ampullaris are involved in dynamic equilibrium. The cochlea is used in hearing, not balance.

Front 26

The major structures involved in hearing are listed below. Order them in terms of when they vibrate. Start with the structures vibrate first and end with those that vibrate last.

incus, tympanic membrane, tectorial membrane, malleus, basilar membrane, stapes

Back 26

Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane.

Front 27

Back 27

a. Lens: bends light to focus it on the retina

b. Sclera: maintains the shape of the eyeball, protects the inner components of the eye, and provides a point of attachment for the muscles that move the eye.

c. Optic nerve: carries action potentials to the brain

d. Vitreous humor (in vitreous compartment): maintains the general shape of the eyeball as a "filler"

e. Retina: contains the light receptors that detect light

f. Choroid: supplies the eye's tissues with oxygen and nutrients; its black color absorbs light rays, improving sharpness of vision

g. Conjunctiva: smoothes, protects, and lubricates the exposed part of the sclera

h. Posterior chamber: holds the aqueous humor

i. Anterior chamber: holds the aqueous humor

j. Cornea: covers the eye, allows light to enter, and bends light for focusing

k. Pupil: allows light to enter the eye and constricts or dilates to regulate light entry.

l. Iris: contains muscles that control the size of the pupil

m. Suspensory ligaments: connects the ciliary body to the lens

n. Ciliary body: contains the ciliary muscle which changes the shape of the lens

Front 28

Which cells are responsible for the detection of color? Which are responsible for detecting low levels of light?

Back 28

Cones are responsible for the detection of color, while rods are responsible for detecting low levels of light.

Front 29

Where are the cones concentrated in the retina?

Back 29

The cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis.

Front 30

What is accommodation?

Back 30

Accommodation is the process of the lens changing shape to adjust the eye's focus at near distances.