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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Identify: demography
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the study of human population
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Identify: fertility
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-the incidence of childbearing in a country's population
- demographers describe fertility using the "crude birth rate" (see other card) |
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Identify:crude birth rate
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the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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Identify: mortality
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-the incidence of death in a country's population
-demographers measure mortality using both the "crude death rate" and the "infant mortality rate" (see other cards) |
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Identify: crude death rate
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the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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Identify: infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year
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Identify: life expectancy
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the average life span of a country's population
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Identify: migration
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-the movement of people into and out of a specified territory
- the "net migration rate" is the difference between the in-migration rate and the out-migration |
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Identify: sex ratio
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the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population
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Identify: age-sex pyramid
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the graphic representation` of the age and sex of a population
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Identify: demographic transition theory
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a thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development
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Identify: zero population growth
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the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level
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Identify: urban ization
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the concentration of population into cities
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Identify: metropolis
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a large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area
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Identify: suburbs
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urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city
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Identify: megaloplis
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a vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs
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Identify: "gemeinschaft"
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a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition
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Identify: "Gesellschaft"
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a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest
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Identify: urban ecology
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the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities
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Identify: Lous Wirth
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saw large, dense, hetrogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life
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Identify: ecology
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the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment
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Identify: natural environment
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Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life
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Identify: ecosystem
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a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural enviornment
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Identify: environmental deficit
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profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence
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Identify: rain forests
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regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close to the equator
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Identify: global warming
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a rise in Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmoshere
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Identify: environmental racism
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patterns that make environmental hazards greatest for poor people, especially minorities
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Identify: ecologically sustainable culture
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a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations
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Expound upon population growth
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In general, rich nations grow almost as much from immigration as from natural increase; poorer nations grow almost entierly from natural increase
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Expound upon population composition
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Demographers use age-sex pyramids to show graphically the composition of a population and to project population trends
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Expound on: History and Theory of Population Growth
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-Historically, world population grew slowly because high birth rates were offset by high death rates
- About 1750, a demographic transition began as world population rose sharply, mostly due to falling death rates - In the late 1700s, Thomas Robert Malthus warned that population growth would outpace food production, resulting in social calamity - Demographic transition theory contends that technological advances gradually slow population increase -World population is expected to reach between 8 billion and 9 billion by 2050 |
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Explain the First Urban Revolution
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-began with the appearance of cities about 10,000 years ago
- By about 2,000 years ago, cities had emerged in most regions of the world except North America and Antarctica - Preidustrial cities have low-rise buildings; narrow, winding streets; and personal social ties |
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Explain the Second Urban Revolution
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-Began about 1750 as the Industrial Revolution propelled rapid urban growth in Europe
-The physical form of cities changed as planners created wide, regular streets to allow for more trade - The emphasis on commerce, as well as the increase size of cities, made urban life more impersonal |
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Explain Urbanization in the United States
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- came to North America with European colonists
- By 1850, hundreds of new cities have been founded from coast to coast - By 1920, a majority of the US population lived in Urban areas - Since 1950,teh decentralization of cities has resulted in the growth of suburbs and edge cities and a "rebound" in rural population. - Nationally, Sunbelt cities-but not the older Snowbelt cities- are increasing in size and population |
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Idenitfy Ferdinand Tonnies:
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-built his analysis on the concepts of
"Gemeinschaft" and Gesellshaft" - Gemeinschaft= typical of the rural village, joins people in what amounts to a single primary group - Gesellshaft= typical of the modern city, describes individuals motivated by their own needs rather than by desire to help improve the well-being of the community |
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identiy Emile Durkheim's view of Urbanization
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-Agreed with much of Tonnies's thinking but claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in the two settings. He described:
1. Mechanical Solidarity= social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life. 2. Organic Solidarity= social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life. |
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Identify Georg Simmel
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claimed that the overstimulation of city life produced a blase attitude in urbanites
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Identify: Robert Park
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at the University of Chicago, claimed that cities permit greater social freedom.
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Expound upon Urbanization in Poor Nations
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-The world's first urban revolution took place about 8,000 BCE with the first urban settlements.
- The second urban revolution took place after 1750 in Europe and North America with the Industrial Revolution. - A third urban revolution is now occurring in poor countries. Today, most of the world's largest cities are found in less developed nations. |
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How is the state of the Environment a social issue?
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Because it reflects how human beings organize social life.
- Societies increase the environmental deficit by focusing on short-term benefits and ignoring the long-term consequences brought on by their way of life. - The more complex a society's technology, the greater its capacity to alter the natural environment - "the logic of growth" thesis supports economic development, claiming that people can solve environmental problems as they arise - The "limits-to-growth" thesis states that societies must curb development to prevent eventual environmental collapse |
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Environmental Issues include:
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DISPOSING OF SOLID WASTE- 80% of what we throw away ends up in landfills, which are filling up and which can pollute groundwater under the Earth's surface
PROTECTING THE QUALITY OF WATER AND AIR- The supply of clean water is already low in some parts of the world. Industrial technology has caused a decline in air quality. PROTECTING THE RAIN FORESTS- rain forests help remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and are home to a large share of this planet's living species. Under pressure from development, the world's rain forests are now half their original size and are shrinking by about 1% annually ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM- Conflict theory has drawn attention to the pattern by which the poor, especially minorities, suffer most from environmental hazzards |
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"demography" is defined as the study of what?
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Human population
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Which region of the world has BOTH the lowest birth rate and the lowest infant mortality rate?
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Europe
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Typically, high-income nations grow mostly from ____. While low-income nations grow from ______.
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Immigration; natural increase
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In general, the higher the average income of a country,
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the slower the population increase
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In the United States, urban decentralization has caused
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- the expansion of suburbs
-the development of vast urban regions - the growth of edge cities |
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Which term was used by Ferdinand Tonnies to refer to social organization in which people come together on the basis of individual self-interest?
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Gesellshaft
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The world's third urban revolution is now taking place in
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Low-income countires
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When environmentalists speak of an environmental deficit, they are referring to
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Long-term harm to the environment caused by a short-sighted focus on material affluence
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Give an example statement that reflects the limits-to-growth thesis
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People are rapidly consuming Earth's finite resources.
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"Environmental Racism" refers to what?
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The fact that environmental dangers are greatest for the poor and minorities
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