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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Identify: Race
-a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
-the meaning and importance of race varies from place to place and over time
- Societies use racial categories to rank people in a hierarchy, giving some people more money, power, and prestige than others
-In the past, scientists created three broad categories-Caucasiods, Mongoloids, and Negroids-but there are no biologically pure races
Identify: Ethnicity
-a shared cultural heritage
- reflects common ancestors, language, and religion.
- The importance of ethnicity varies from place to place and over time
- People choose to play up or play down their ethnicity
- Societies may or may not set categories of people apart based on differences in ethnicity
Identify: minority
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differance that a society sets apart and subordinates
Identify:prejudice
- a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
- the social distance scale is one measure of prejudice
- one type of prejudice is the STEROTYPE: an exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
-RACISM, a very destructive type of prejudice, asserts that one race is innately superior or inferior to another
Identify: stereotype
An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
Identify: racism
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
What are the 4 theories of Prejudice?
1. Scapegoat Theory: claims that prejudice results from frustration among people who are disadvantaged
2. Authoritarian personality theory (Adrno) claims prejudice is a personality trait of certian individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents
3. Culture Theory (Bogardus) claims that prejudice is rooted in culture; we learn to feel greater social distance from some categories of people
4. Conflict theory claims that prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to divide and control the population
Identify: discrimination
-unequal treatment of various categories of people
-actions by which a person treats various categories of people unequally
-refers to actions, while prejudice refers to attitudes
- Institutional prejudice and discrimination is bias built into the operation of society's institutions, including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace.
-Prejudice and discrimination perpetuate themselves in a vicious circle, resulting in social disadvantage that fuels additional prejudice and discrimination
Identify: institutional prejudice and discrimination
bias built into the operation of society's institutions
Identify: pluralism
- A state in which people of all races and elasticities are distinct but have equal social standing
-means that racial and ethnic categories, although distinct, have roughly equal social standing
-US society is pluralistic in that all people in the US, regardless of race or ethnicity, have equal standing under the law
- US society is not pluralistic in that all racial and ethnic categories do not have equal social standing
Identify: assimilation
-The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
- involves changes in dress, language, religion, values, and friends.
-Assimilation is a strategy to escape prejudice and discrimination and to achieve upward social mobility
-Some categories of people have assimilated more than others
Identify: miscegenation
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
Identify: segregation
-The physical and social separation of categories of people
-Although some segregation is voluntary (for example, Amish), majorities usually segregate minorities by excluding them from neighborhoods, schools, and occupations
- "de jure" segregation is segregation by law; "de facto" segregation describes settings that contain only people of one ategory
-Hypersegregation means having little social contact with people beyond the local community
Identify:Genocide
-the systematic killing of one category one people by another
-Historical examples of genocide include the extermination of Jews by the Nazis and the killing of Western-leaning people in Cambodia by Pol Pot
-Continues in the modern wolrd, with Hutus killing Tutsis in the African nation of Rewanda and Serbs killing Bosnians in the Balkans of Eastern Europe
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Native Americans
the earliest human inhabitants of the Americas, have endured genocide, segregation, and forced assimilation. Today, the social standing of Native Americans is well below the national average.
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
African Americans
Experienced two centuries of slavery. Emancipation in 1865 gave way to segregation by the (the so-called Jim Crow laws). In the 1950s and 1960s, a national civil rights movement resulted in legislation that outlawed segregated schools and overt discrimination in employment and public accommodations. Today, despite legal equality, African Americans are still disadvantaged
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Hispanic Americans
the largest US minority, include many ethnicities sharing a Spanish heritage. Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic minority, are concentrated in the Southwest. Cubans, concentrated in Miami, are the most affluent Hispanic category; Puerto Ricans, 1 million of whom live in NYC, are the poorest.
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
White Ethnic Americans
are non-WASPs whose ancestors emigrated from Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In response to prejudice and discrimination, many white ethnics formed supportive residential enclaves.
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
White Anglo-Saxson Protestants (WASPS)
were most of the origional European settles of the US, and many continue to enjoy high social position today
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Asian Americans
have suffered both racial and ethnic hostility. Although some prejudice and discrimination continue, both Chinese and Japanese Americans now have above-average income and schooling. Asian immigrants, especially Korans and Filipions, now account for one-third of all immigration to the US
Race and Ethnicity in the US:
Arab Americans
are a growing US minority. Because they come to the US from so many different nations, Arab Americans are a culturally diverse population, and they are represented in all social classes. They have been a target of prejudice and hate crimes in recent years as a result of a stereotype that links all Arab Americans with terrorism
Race refers to ____. Considered important by a society, and ethnicity refers to _______.
biological traits; cultural traits
People of Hispanic ancestry make up what share of the US population?
12.5
A minority is defined as a category of people who
Are defined as both different and disadvantaged
Research using the Bogardus social distance scale shows that US college students _____.
Are less prejudiced than students fifty years ago.
Prejudice is a matter of_____, and discrimination is a matter of _____.
attitudes; behavior
The United States is not truly pluralistic because ____
Different racial and ethnic categories are unequal in social standing
Which terms is illustrated by immigrants from Ecuador learning to speak the English language?
assimilation
During the late 1400s, when the first Europeans came to the Americans, Native Americans
Had inhabited this land or 30,000 years
Which is the largest category of Asian Americans in the US?
Chinese Americans.