Intro To Sociology Chapter 15

Front 1

Demography

Back 1

The study of human population.

-Analyzes the size and composition of a population and studies how and why people move from place to place.

Front 2

Fertility

Back 2

The incidence of childbearing in a country's population.

Front 3

Crude Birth Rate

Back 3

The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.

*Divide number of live births in a year by the total population and multiply the result by 1,000.

Front 4

Mortality

Back 4

The incidence of death in a country's population.

Front 5

Crude Death Rate

Back 5

The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.

Front 6

Infant Mortality Rate

Back 6

The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year.

Front 7

Life Expectancy

Back 7

The average life span of a country's population.

Front 8

Migration

Back 8

The movement of people into and out of a specified territory.

Front 9

Out-Migration Rate

Back 9

The number of people leaving for every 1,000 people.

Front 10

Sex Ratio

Back 10

The number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population.

Front 11

Age-Sex Pyramid

Back 11

A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population.

Front 12

Malthusian Theory

Back 12

Population tends to increase at a faster rate than its means of subsistence and that unless it is checked by moral restraint or by disease, famine, war, or other disaster widespread poverty and degradation inevitably result.

Front 13

Demographic Transition Theory

Back 13

A thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.

Front 14

Zero Population Growth

Back 14

The rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level.

Front 15

Urbanization

Back 15

The concentration of population into cities.

Front 16

Industrial European Cities

Back 16

By about 1750, the Industrial Revolution triggered a second urban revolution. First in Europe and then in North America.

Front 17

Colonial Settlement

Back 17

1565-1800;

--In 1565, the Spanish founded this contra's oldest settlement, Saint Augustine, Florida.

--In 1607, the English founded Jamestown, Virginia.

--In 1624, the Dutch established New Amsterdam. Which was later renamed New York.

Front 18

Urban Expansion

Back 18

1800-1860

--By 1860, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago were all changing the face of the Midwest, and about 1/5th of the U.S. population lived in cities.

Front 19

The Metropolitan Era

Back 19

1860-1950

--The Civil War (1861-1865) gave an enormous boost to urbanization as factories strained to produce weapons.

Front 20

Urban Decentralization

Back 20

1950-Present

Front 21

Metropolis

Back 21

A large city that dominates as an urban area socially and economically.

Front 22

Suburbs

Back 22

Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.

Front 23

Megalopolis

Back 23

A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs.

Front 24

Gemeinschaft ("Community")

Back 24

Refers to a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.

Front 25

Gesellschaft ("Association")

Back 25

A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest.

Front 26

Georg Simmel

Back 26

German sociologist Georg Simmel offered a micro-level analysis of cities, studying how urban life shapes individual experience.

According to Simmel, individuals see the city as a crush of people, objects, and events. To prevent being overwhelmed by all this stimulation, urbanites develop a blasé attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them.

Front 27

Urban Ecology

Back 27

The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.

Front 28

Ecosystem

Back 28

Which encompasses the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.

Front 29

Environmental Deficit

Back 29

Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence.

Front 30

Rain Forests

Back 30

Regions of dense forestation, most of which circle glove close to the equator.

Front 31

Environmental Racism

Back 31

Patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards.

Front 32

Ecologically Sustainable Culture

Back 32

A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations.

Front 33

Urbanization in Poor Nations

Back 33

-The world's first urban revolution took place about 8000 B.C.E. with the first urban settlements.

-The second urban revolution took place after 1750 in Europe and North America with the Industrial Revolution.

- A third urban revolution is now occurring in poor countries. Today, most of the world's largest cities are found in less developed nations.

Front 34

Environmental Issues

Back 34

-Disposing of solid waste; More than half of what we throw away ends up in landfills.

-Protecting the quality of water and air.

-Protecting the rain forests.

-Global Warming.

Front 35

Emile Durkheim

Back 35

Claimed that urbanites do not lack social bonds; the basis of social solidarity simply differs in the two settings.

Front 36

Mechanical Solidarity

Back 36

Involves social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life.

Front 37

Organic Solidarity

Back 37

Arises from social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life.

Front 38

Robert Park

Back 38

Claimed that cities permit greater social freedom.

Front 39

Louis Wirth

Back 39

Saw large, dense, heterogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life.