Intro To Soc Test Ii

Front 1

Identify: Social interaction

Back 1

- The process by which people act and react in relation to others
- Through SI,we construct the reality we experience

Front 2

Identify: Status

Back 2

A social position that a person holds

Front 3

Identify: Status set

Back 3

all the statuses a person holds at a given time

Front 4

Identify: Ascribed status

Back 4

- A social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life
-Are involuntary

Front 5

Identify: Master status

Back 5

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.

Front 6

Identify: Role

Back 6

Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular stats

Front 7

Identify: Role Set

Back 7

a number of roles attached to a single status

Front 8

Identify: Role conflict

Back 8

Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

Front 9

Identify: Role strain

Back 9

Tension among the roles connected to a single status

Front 10

Identify: Social construction of reality

Back 10

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

Front 11

Identify: Thomas theorem

Back 11

- Thomas's statement that situations defined as real are real in their consequences.
-"the reality people construct in their interaction has real consequences for the future"

Front 12

Identify:Ethnomethodology

Back 12

- Harold Garfunkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
- A strategy to reveal the assumptions people have about their social world

Front 13

Identify: Dramaturgical Analysis

Back 13

- Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance.
- "A status operates as a part in a play and a role is a script"
- Performances: the way we present ourselves to others. Are both conscious (intentional action) and unconscious (nonverbal communication). Include costume (the way we dress), props (objects we carry), and demeanor (tone of voice and the way we carry ourselves)

Front 14

Identify: Nonverbal communication

Back 14

Communication using body movements, gestures and facial expressions rather than speech

Front 15

Identify: Personal space

Back 15

The surrounding aea over which a person makes some claim to privacy.

Front 16

Identify: Social Structure

Back 16

-Refers to social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life.
- The building blocks are:
- Status (a social position that is part of our social identity and that defines or relationships to others)
- Role (the action expected of a person who holds a particular status)

Front 17

Identify: Achieved statuses

Back 17

- A social position a person take s on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
- Are earned

Front 18

Explain how gender affects performances.

Back 18

Because men typically have greater social power than women. Involve:
- Demeanor: with greater social power, men have more freedom in how they act.
- Use of Space: Men typically command more space than women
- Staring and Touching are generally done by men to women
- Smiling, as a way to please another, is more commonly done by women.

Front 19

Identify Idealization of performances.

Back 19

Means we try to convince others that our actions reflect ideal culture rather than selfish motives.

Front 20

Identify Embarrassment and Tact.

Back 20

E: is the "loss of face", People use T to help others "save face"

Front 21

Identify EMOTIONS: the social construction of FEELING

Back 21

The same basic emotions are biologically programed into all human beings, but culture guides what triggers emotions, how people display emotions, and how people value emotions. In everyday life, the presentation of self involves managing emotions as well as behavior

Front 22

Identify LANGUAGE: the social construction of GENDER

Back 22

Gender is an important element of everyday interaction. Language defines women and men as different types of people, reflecting the fact that society attaches greater power and value to what is viewed as masculine

Front 23

Identify: REALITY PLAY: the social construction of HUMOR

Back 23

Humor resluts from the difference between conventional and unconventional definitions of a situation. Because humor is a part of culture, people around the world find different situation funny.

Front 24

What term defines who and what are in relation to others?

Back 24

Status

Front 25

In US society, give an example of a master status.

Back 25

- Occupation
- Physical or mental disability
- Race or Color

Front 26

Frank excels at football at his college, but he doesn't have enough time to study as much as he wants to. This is a problem of what?

Back 26

Role conflict

Front 27

The Thomas theorem states what?

Back 27

Situations defined as real are real in their consequences

Front 28

Which of the following is the correct meaning of "presentation of self"?

Back 28

Efforts to create impressions in the minds of others

Front 29

Paul Ekman points to what as an important clue to deception by another person?

Back 29

Inconsistencies in a presentation

Front 30

In her study of human emotion, Arlie Hochschild explains that companies typically

Back 30

Try to regulate the emotions of workers

Front 31

People are likely to "get" a joke when they

Back 31

Understand the two different realities being presented.

Front 32

Identify: Social Group

Back 32

Two or more people who identify and interact with one another

Front 33

Identify: Primary Group

Back 33

- A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
- Examples include family and close friends

Front 34

Identify: Secondary Group

Back 34

- A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
- Examples include a college class or a corporation

Front 35

Identify: Instrumental leadership

Back 35

Group Leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

Front 36

Identify: Expressive leadership

Back 36

Group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being

Front 37

Identify: Groupthink

Back 37

The tendency of a group members to confor, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

Front 38

Identify: Reference Group

Back 38

A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

Front 39

Identify: In-group

Back 39

A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty

Front 40

Identify: Out-group

Back 40

A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

Front 41

Identify: dyad

Back 41

a social group with two members

Front 42

Identify: triad

Back 42

A socail group with three members

Front 43

Identify: network

Back 43

a web of weak social ties

Front 44

Identify: formal organization

Back 44

A large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

Front 45

Identify: Tradition

Back 45

Values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Front 46

Identify: rationality

Back 46

A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

Front 47

Identify: rationalization of society

Back 47

Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought.

Front 48

Identify: bureaucracy

Back 48

- An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
- what Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies.
- Is based on: Specialization, hierarchy of offices, rules and regulations, technical competence, impersonality, formal, written communication

Front 49

Identify: Organizational environment

Back 49

- Factors outside an organization that affect its operation
- Is influenced by: technology, political and economic trends, current events, population patterns, other organizations

Front 50

Identify: Bureaucratic ritualism

Back 50

A focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals.

Front 51

Identify: Bureaucratic inertia

Back 51

The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Front 52

Identify: Oligarchy

Back 52

The rule of many by the few

Front 53

Identify: Scientific management

Back 53

Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization.

Front 54

What are 3 (4) different elements Group dynamics?

Back 54

Group Leadership
Group Conformity
Group Size and Diversity

Front 55

Explain the "group Leadership" element of Group Dynamics.

Back 55

- Instrumental leadership focuses on completing tasks
- Expressive leadership focuses on a group's well-being
- Authoritarian leadership is a "take charge" style that demands obedience; democratic leadership includes everyone in decision making; laissez-faire leadership lets the group function mostly on its own.

Front 56

Explain the "Group Conformity" element of Group Dynamics.

Back 56

- The Asch, Milgram, and Janis research shows that group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity.
- Individuals use reference groups- including both in-groups and out-groups- to form attitudes and make evaluations

Front 57

Explain the "Group Size and Diversity" element of Group Dynamics.

Back 57

- Georg Simmel described the dyad as intense but unstable; the triad, he said is more stable but can dissolve into a dyad by excluding one member
- Peter Blau claimed larger groups turn inwards, socially divers groups turn out-wards, and physically segregated groups turn inward.

Front 58

Identify: Social Networks

Back 58

are relational webs that link people with little common identify and limited interaction. Being "well connected" in networks is a valuable type of social capital.

Front 59

What are the quality of relationships for the Primary Group?

Back 59

Personal Orientation

Front 60

What are the quality of relationships for the Secondary Group.

Back 60

Goal Orientation.

Front 61

What are the duration of relationships for the Primary Group?

Back 61

Usually Long-term

Front 62

What are the duration of relationships for the Secondary Group?

Back 62

Variable; often short-term

Front 63

What are the breadth of relationships for the Primary Group?

Back 63

Broad; usually involving many activities.

Front 64

What are the breadth of relationships for the Secondary Group?

Back 64

Narrow; usually involving few activities.

Front 65

What are the perception of relationships for the Primary Group?

Back 65

As ends in themselves.

Front 66

What are the perception of relationships for the Secondary Group?

Back 66

As means to an end.

Front 67

Define three different types of formal organizations and explain each.

Back 67

1. Utilitarian: Pay people for their efforts (examples include a business or government agency)
2. Normative: have goals people consider worthwhile (examples include voluntary associations such as the PTA)
3. Coercive: are organizations people are forced to join (examples include prisons and mental hospitals)

Front 68

In small groups, activities are

Back 68

much the same for all members

Front 69

In small groups, hierarchy is

Back 69

often informal or nonexistent

Front 70

In small groups, norms are

Back 70

General norms, informally applied

Front 71

In small groups, Membership criteria is

Back 71

Variable; often based on personal affection or kinship

Front 72

In small grops, relationships are

Back 72

Variable and typically primary

Front 73

In small groups, communication is

Back 73

Casual and face to face

Front 74

In small groups, focus is

Back 74

person-oriented

Front 75

In formal organizations, activities are

Back 75

Distinct and highly specialized

Front 76

In formal organizations, hierarchy is

Back 76

clearly defined, corresponding to offices

Front 77

In formal organizations, Norms are

Back 77

Clearly defined rules and regulations

Front 78

In formal organizations, membership criteria is

Back 78

technical competence to carry out assigned tasks

Front 79

In formal organizations, relationships are

Back 79

typically secondary, with selective primary ties

Front 80

In formal organizations, communication is

Back 80

Mostly formal and in writing

Front 81

In formal organizations, focus is

Back 81

Task-oriented

Front 82

Problems of bureaucracy include what?

Back 82

- bureaucratic alienation
- bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism
- bureaucratic inertia
- oligarchy

Front 83

Briefly follow the evolution of formal organizations

Back 83

- 1900s Frederick Taylor's "Scientific Management"
- 1960s, rosabeth Moss Kanter proposed that opening up organizations for all employees, especially women and other minorities, increased organizational efficiency.
- 1980s, global competition drew attention to the Japanese work organization's collective orientation