Intro To Soc Chp. 9

Front 1

Identify: Global stratification

Back 1

patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

Front 2

Identify: high-income countries

Back 2

-The richest nations with the highest overall standards of living
- Contain 18% of the world's people
- generate 79% of global income
- have a high standard of living based on advanced technology
- produce enough economic goods to enable their people to lead comfortable lives
- Include about 50 nations, among them the US, Canada, Argentina, Chile, the nations of Western Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Japan, South Korea, and Australia

Front 3

Identify: middle-income countries

Back 3

-Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
- Contain 70% of the world's people
- Generate 20% of global income
- Have a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
- Include about 80 nations, among them Russia, the nations of Eastern Europe, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Bostwana, Namibia, Indonesia, India, and the People's Republic of China

Front 4

Identify: low-income countries

Back 4

-Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
- Contain 12% of the world's people
- Generate 1% of global income
- Have a low standard of living
- Include about 60 countries, generally in centeral and East Africa and Asia, among them Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan

Front 5

Identify: colonialism

Back 5

The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

Front 6

Identify: neocolonialism

Back 6

A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Front 7

Identify: multinational corporation

Back 7

A large business that operates in many countries

Front 8

Identify: Modernization theory

Back 8

-A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
- Maintains that nations achieve affluence by developing advanced technology. This process depends on a culture that encourages innovation and change toward higher living standards.

Front 9

Identify: Dependency Theory

Back 9

-A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
- Maintains that global wealth and poverty were created by the colonial process beginning 500 years ago that developed rich nations and underdeveloped poor nations. This capitalist process continues today in the form of neocolonialism-economic exploitation of poor nations by multinational corporations.

Front 10

Explain Relative Poverty...Absolute Poverty

Back 10

All societies contain relative poverty, low-income nations face widespread absolute poverty that is life-threatening.
- Worldwide, about 1 billion people are at risk due to poor nutrition
- About 15 million people, most of them children, die each year from diseases caused by poverty
- Throughout the world, women are more likely than men to be poor. Gender bias is strongest in poor societies.
-As many as 200 million men, women, and children (about 3% of humanity) live in conditions that can be described as slavery.

Front 11

Factors causing poverty (globally)

Back 11

-lack of technology limits production
- High birth rates produce rapid population increase
-Traditional cultural patterns make people resist change
- Extreme social inequality distributes wealth very unequally.
- Colonialism allowed some nations to exploit other nations; neocolonialism continues today.

Front 12

Global Stratification...
Modernization theory claims what?

Back 12

Rich nations help poor nations by providing technology to control population size, increase food production, and expand industrial and information economy output, and providing foreign aid to pay for new economic development
-Rapid economic development in Asia shows that affluence is within reach for other nations of the world

Front 13

Global Stratification...
Modernization theory critics claim what?

Back 13

- Rich nations do little to help poor countries and benefit from the status quo. Low living standards in much of Africa and South America result from the policies of rich nations.
- Because rich nations, including the US, control the global economy, many poor nations struggle to support their people and cannot follow the path to development taken by rich countries centuries ago.

Front 14

Global Stratification...
Dependency Theory claims what?

Back 14

-Three key factors: export-oriented economies, a lack of industrial capacity, and foreign debt---make poor counties dependent on rich nations and prevent their economic development.
-Radical reform of the entire world economy is needed so that it operates in the interests of the majority f people

Front 15

Global Stratification...
Dependency Theory critics claim what?

Back 15

-dependency theory overlooks the sixfold increase in global wealth since 1950 and the fact that the worlds poorest countries have had weak, not strong, ties to rich countries
- Rich nations are not responsible for cultural patterns or political corruption that block economic development in may poor nations.

Front 16

Concerning Global Stratification:Modernization Theory...
W.W. Rostow identified four stages of development:

Back 16

1. Traditional stage: People's lives are built around families and local communities
2. Take-off Stage: A market emerges as people produce goods not just for their own use but to trade with others for profit.
3. Drive to technological maturity: The ideas of economic growth and higher living standards gain widespread support; schooling is widely available; the social standing of women improves
4. High mass consumption: Advanced technology fuels mass production and mass consumption as people now "need" countless goods.

Front 17

Concerning Global Stratification: Dependency Theory...
Immanuel Wallerstein's model of the capitalist world economy identified three categories of nations

Back 17

-Core: the world's high-income countries, which are home to multinational corporations
- Semiperiphery: the world's middle-income countires, with ties to core nations
- Periphery: The worlds' middle income countires, which provide low-coast labor and a vast market for industrial products

Front 18

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Modernization Theory, Which theoretical approach is applied?

Back 18

Structural-functional approach

Front 19

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Modernization Theory,How did global poverty come about?

Back 19

The whole world was poor until some countries developed industrial technology, which allowed mass production and created affluence.

Front 20

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Modernization Theory, What are the main causes of global poverty today?

Back 20

Traditional culture and lack of productive technology.

Front 21

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Modernization Theory, Are rich countries part of the problem or part of the solution?

Back 21

Rich countries are part of the solution, contributing new technology, advanced schooling, and foreign aid.

Front 22

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Dependency Theory, which theoretical approach is applied?

Back 22

Social-conflict approach

Front 23

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Dependency Theory, how did global poverty come about?

Back 23

Colonialism moved wealth from some countries to others, making some nations poor as it made other nations rich.

Front 24

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Dependency Theory, what are the main causes of global poverty today?

Back 24

Neocolonialism- the operations of multinational corporations in the global, capitalist economy

Front 25

Concerning Global Poverty,
According to the Dependency Theory, are rich countries part of the problem or part of the solution?

Back 25

Rich countries are part of the problem, making poor countries economically dependent and in debt.

Front 26

In global perspective, the richest 20% of all people earn about what percent of the entire worlds income?

Back 26

80%

Front 27

The US, Canada, and Japan are all considered to be

Back 27

High-income countries

Front 28

Low-income countries

Back 28

contain a majority of the world's people

Front 29

China and India are now

Back 29

Among the world's middle income nations

Front 30

Which of the following is the range of annual personal income for people living in middle-income nations?

Back 30

$2,500-$10,000

Front 31

How does poverty in poor nations compare to poverty in the US?

Back 31

In poor nations, there is far more absolute poverty

Front 32

"Neocolonialism" refers to the process by which

Back 32

Multinational corporation dominate the economy of a poor country

Front 33

Which of the following statements is the basis of modernization theory?

Back 33

The main cause of poverty in the world is low productivity due to simple technology and traditional culture

Front 34

According to Walt Rostow, which is the final stage of economical development?

Back 34

High Mass consumption

Front 35

Dependency Theory differs from modernization theory by saying that

Back 35

Global stratification results from the exploitation of the poor countries by rich countries