Intro To Soc Chp 12

Front 1

Identify: Social Institution

Back 1

a major sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, organized to meet human needs

Front 2

Identify: economy

Back 2

- The social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
- In technologically simple societies, economic activity is simply part of family life
- The agricultural Revolution (5,000 years ago) made the economy a distinct social institution based on agricultural technology, specialized work, permanent settlements, and trade
- The Industrial Revolution (beginning around 1750) expanded the economy based on new sources of energy and specialized work in factories that turned raw material into finished products
- The postindustrial economy is based on a shift to service work and computer technology

Front 3

Identify: postindustrial economy

Back 3

a productive system based on service work and high technology

Front 4

Identify: primary sector

Back 4

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment
- is of greatest importance (20% of the economy) in low-income nations

Front 5

Identify: secondary sector

Back 5

the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
- is a significant share (26-32%) of the economy in low-, middle- and high-income nations

Front 6

Identify: tertiary sector

Back 6

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
-Is the largest sector (49-72%) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries

Front 7

Identify: global economy

Back 7

economic activity that crosses national borders

Front 8

Identify: capitalism

Back 8

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing foods and services are privately owned

Front 9

Compare capitalism and Socialism

Back 9

Capitalism= is based on private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit in a competitive marketplace.
Socialism =is grounded in collective ownership of productive property through government control of the economy.

Greater productivity (C) vs. Less Productivity (S)
Higher Overall standard of living (C) vs. Lower overall standard of living (S)
Greater income inequality(C) vs. Less income inequality (S)
Freedom to act according to self-interest (C) vs. Freedom from basic want (S)

Front 10

Identify: Socialism

Back 10

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned

Front 11

Identify: welfare capitalism

Back 11

an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs

Front 12

Identify: state capitalism

Back 12

an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the government

Front 13

Identify:profession

Back 13

a prestigious white-collar occupation that requires extensive formal education

Front 14

Identify: corporation

Back 14

an organization with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members
-form the core of US economy
-The largest corporations, which are conglomerates, account for most corporate assets and profits
- Many large corporations operate as multinationals, producing and distributing products in nations around the world

Front 15

Identify: monopoly

Back 15

the domination of a market by a single producer

Front 16

Identify: oligopoly

Back 16

the domination of a market by a few producers

Front 17

Explain "Jobs in the postindustrial US economy"

Back 17

-Agricultural work represents only 1% of jobs.
-Blue-collar, industrial work has declined to 23% of jobs
- White-collar service work has increased to 76% of jobs

Front 18

Explain "Self-Employment in the postindustrial US economy"

Back 18

-7.4% of US workers are self-employed
- Many professionals fall into this category, but most self-employed people have blue-collar jobs

Front 19

Explain "Unemployment in the postindustrial US economy"

Back 19

-has many causes, including the operation of the economy itself.
- In 2005, 5.1% of the country's labor force was unemployed
-At highest risk for unemployment are young people and African Americans

Front 20

Identify: politics

Back 20

-The social institution that distributes power, sets a society's goals and makes decisions
- Max Weber claimed that raw power is transformed into "legitimate authority" in three ways:
1. Preindustrial societies rely on tradition to transform power into authority. "Traditional authority" is closely linked to kinship/
2. As societies industrialize, the expansion of rational bureaucracy is linked to the rise of "rational-legal authority", which is closely linked to offices and law.
3. At any time, however, some individuals transform power into authority through charisma. "Charismatic authority" is linked to extraordinary personal qualities (found in JC, Adolf Hitler, and Mahtma Gandhi)

Front 21

Identify: power

Back 21

the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

Front 22

Identify: government

Back 22

a formal organization that directs the political life of a society

Front 23

Identify: authority

Back 23

power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

Front 24

Identify: routinization of charisma

Back 24

the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority

Front 25

Identify: monarchy

Back 25

a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
- is common in agrarian societies, leadership is based on kinship

Front 26

Identify: democracy

Back 26

a political system that gives power to the people as whole
- is common in modern societies; leadership is linked to elective office

Front 27

Identify: authoritarianism

Back 27

a political system that denies the people participation in government

Front 28

Identify: totalitarianism

Back 28

a highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives

Front 29

Expound upon Politics in the US

Back 29

1. US government has expanded over the past 2 centuries, although the "welfare state" in the US is smaller than in most other high-income nations
2. The "political spectrum", from the liberal left to the conservative right, involves attitudes on both economic issues and social issues
3. "special-interest groups" advance the political aims of specific segments of the population.
4. "voter apathy" runs high in the US: Only 60% of eligible voters went to the polls in the 2004 presidential election

Front 30

Identify: welfare state

Back 30

a system of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population

Front 31

Identify: pluralist model

Back 31

an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
-claims that political power is spread widely in the US

Front 32

Identify: power-elite model

Back 32

an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups
-claims that power is concentrated in a small, wealthy segment of the population

Front 33

Identify: Marsixt Political-economy model

Back 33

an analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system
-claims that our political agenda is determined by a capitalist economy, so true democracy is impossible

Front 34

Identify: political revolution

Back 34

the overthrow of one political system in order to establish another

Front 35

Identify: terrorism

Back 35

acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or a group.

Front 36

Identify: military-industrial complex

Back 36

the close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries

Front 37

According to the Pluralist Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?

Back 37

Power is spread widely, so that all groups have some voice

Front 38

According to the Power-Elite Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?

Back 38

Power is concentrated in the hands of top business, political, and military leaders

Front 39

According to the Marxist Political-Economy Model of politics, how is power spread throughout society?

Back 39

Power is directed by the operation of the capitalist economy.

Front 40

According to the Pluralist Model of politics, is the US a democracy?

Back 40

Yes. Power is spread widely enough to make the country a democracy.

Front 41

According to the Power-Elite Model of politics, is the US a democracy?

Back 41

No. Power is too concentrated for the country to be a democracy.

Front 42

According to the Marxist Political-Economy Model of politics, is the US a democracy?

Back 42

No. The capitalist economy sets political decision making, so the country is not a democracy

Front 43

The economy is a social institution that guides

Back 43

-the production of goods and services
-the distribution of goods and services
-the consumption of goods and services

Front 44

Building houses and making cars are examples of production in what economic sector?

Back 44

the secondary sector

Front 45

The globalization of the economy is causing what?

Back 45

-Certain areas of the world specialize in one sector of economic activity
-Industrial jobs in the Us are being lost
-More and more products pass through several nations

Front 46

Socialist economies differ from capitalist economies by

Back 46

creating more economic equality

Front 47

The largest 1,900 corporations, each with assets exceeding $2.5 billion, represent about what share of all corporate assets in the US?

Back 47

75%

Front 48

Modern societies, including the US, rely mostly on which type of authority?

Back 48

rational-legal authority

Front 49

In which type of political system does power reside in the hands of the people as a whole?

Back 49

democracy

Front 50

In the 2004 US presidential election, about what share of registered voters actually cast a vote?

Back 50

60%

Front 51

The Marxist political-economy model suggest that

Back 51

An antidemocratic bias is built into the capitalist system

Front 52

Which of the following wars resulted in the highest loss of life to people in the US?

Back 52

Civil War