<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 15: Animals Of The Benthic Environment

Front 1

benthic zone of the periwinkle snail, limpet, and other shelled organisms

Back 1

supralittoral zone (spray zone)

Front 2

what is the trend in organisms from shallow to deep near the littoral zone

Back 2

shells, then soft bodies and algae

Front 3

organisms that are not mobile, but attached to the bottom

Back 3

sessile

Front 4

what do bivalves use to stay in place on the shore

Back 4

byssus threads

Front 5

well-defined section of mussels on the shore

Back 5

mussel bed

Front 6

large claws of crabs

Back 6

chelae

Front 7

2 coastal ecosystems with the slowest rates of decomposition

Back 7

salt marsh, mud flat

Front 8

phylum meaning "soft"

Back 8

mollusca

Front 9

3 classes of mollusca

Back 9

cephalopoda, gastropoda, bivalvia

Front 10

segmented worms

Back 10

annelids

Front 11

what annelid creates a tunnel and strengthens the walls with mucus

Back 11

lugworm

Front 12

coating of organic matter in sediments (which is eaten by lugworms)

Back 12

biofilm

Front 13

small organisms that live in spaces between sediment particles

Back 13

meiofauna

Front 14

crab with one oversized chela and one smaller claw

Back 14

fiddler crab

Front 15

rootlike anchor of kelp

Back 15

holdfast

Front 16

gas-filled floats that support the stipes and blades of brown kelp

Back 16

pneumatocysts

Front 17

section of kelp analagous to the trunk or stem of plants

Back 17

stipe

Front 18

areas where sea urchins have devoured kelp forests because their predators, such as otters, have reduced in population

Back 18

urchin barrens

Front 19

what species was the largest caught lobster; how long

Back 19

American lobster; 1.06 m

Front 20

warm-water corals that secrete calcium carbonate substrate for living on and have zooxanthellae

Back 20

hermatypic corals

Front 21

2 stages of cnidarians

Back 21

polyp, medusa

Front 22

the average monthly temperature must be at least what for reef corals to survive

Back 22

18 degrees Celsius

Front 23

photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae in corals that have a mutualistic relationship with the corals

Back 23

zooxanthellae

Front 24

loss of color of corals due to the expulsion of zooxanthellae as a result of rising temperatures and sediment deposition

Back 24

coral bleaching

Front 25

zone of a coral reef above 20 m depth where wave action is highest and light is most available

Back 25

buttress zone

Front 26

length of Great Barrier Reef

Back 26

2000 km

Front 27

echinoderm that eats large amounts of coral

Back 27

crown-of-thorns sea star

Front 28

British naturalist who believed life could not exist below 550 m

Back 28

Edward Forbes

Front 29

fluctuations in bottom currents caused by eddies at the surface

Back 29

abyssal storms

Front 30

what submersible was the first to visit hydrothermal vents in 1977

Back 30

Alvin

Front 31

hydrothermal vents resembling chimneys that spew black metal sulfides

Back 31

black smokers

Front 32

describe the temperature of black smokers; acidity; gas?

Back 32

350+ degrees Celsius; pH 3-4; hydrogen sulfide

Front 33

2 hydrothermal vent organisms that have symbiotic relationships with chemosynthesizing archaea

Back 33

giant clams, tube worms

Front 34

where are the only active hydrothermal vents in US waters

Back 34

off the coast of Oregon

Front 35

shallowest hydrothermal vent field along Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Back 35

"Lucky Strike" vent field

Front 36

where in US waters can hypersaline seeps be found

Back 36

Florida Escarpment

Front 37

where have hydrocarbon seeps been found

Back 37

Gulf of Mexico

Front 38

what chemicals are used as the energy source for most chemosynthesis

Back 38

methane (only at hydrocarbon seeps), hydrogen sulfide

Front 39

in what year were cores drilled showing that life exists deep within the sea floor

Back 39

2002