<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation

Front 1

water masses in motion

Back 1

currents

Front 2

horizontal water motion due to winds

Back 2

surface currents

Front 3

sinking and spreading of water below the surface due to density differences of water

Back 3

deep currents

Front 4

what was the first satellite to measure the height of oceans in 1992, revealing ocean circulation patterns

Back 4

TOPEX/Poseidon

Front 5

currents that occur above the pycnocline (above 1000 m)

Back 5

surface currents

Front 6

approximately how much of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface

Back 6

2%

Front 7

radio-transmitting devices that float with currents to provide information about the currents

Back 7

drift bottles

Front 8

what shipping vessel lost many shoes in a storm in 1990

Back 8

Hansa Carrier

Front 9

knowledge of circulation in what body of water was increased by the 1990 shoe spill

Back 9

North Pacific Ocean, west of Washington

Front 10

large, circular-moving loops of water

Back 10

gyres

Front 11

largest gyres found at low to medium latitudes

Back 11

subtropical gyres

Front 12

direction of subtropical gyres in northern hemisphere; southern hemisphere?

Back 12

clockwise; counterclockwise

Front 13

direction of subpolar gyres in northern hemisphere; southern hemisphere?

Back 13

counterclockwise; clockwise

Front 14

westward-moving currents above and below 0 degrees

Back 14

equatorial currents

Front 15

are western boundary currents warm or cool?

Back 15

warm

Front 16

are eastern boundary current warm or cool?

Back 16

cool

Front 17

smaller gyres found at higher latitudes

Back 17

subpolar gyres

Front 18

currents at the equator moving in the opposite direction of the currents above and below them

Back 18

equatorial counter currents

Front 19

why do equatorial counter currents travel east

Back 19

gravity pulls down piled-up water

Front 20

where is the Weddell Sea

Back 20

just above Antarctica

Front 21

where is the Sargasso Sea

Back 21

in the middle of the North Atlantic gyre

Front 22

what explorer drifted the Fram through ice near the North Pole

Back 22

Fridjtof Nansen

Front 23

circulation model that shows varying water directions and speeds at different depths

Back 23

Ekman Spiral

Front 24

what direction does surface water flow compared to wind direction; net transport angle?

Back 24

45 degrees; 90 degrees

Front 25

sampling apparatus for collecting water named after Arctic explorer

Back 25

Nansen bottle

Front 26

average maximum depth of Ekman spiral

Back 26

100 m

Front 27

average movement of water near surface perpendicular to wind direction

Back 27

Ekman transport

Front 28

piling up of water in the middle of a subtropical gyre

Back 28

subtropical convergence

Front 29

net effect resulting from balance between gravity and coriolis effect in the middle of a gyre

Back 29

geostrophic current

Front 30

phenomenon of faster, narrower currents on the west sides of gyres; apex moves to east or west?

Back 30

western intensification; west

Front 31

a flow rate unit of currents (volume per time)

Back 31

Sverdrup (Sv)

Front 32

a Sverdrup is equivalent to

Back 32

1 million cubic meters per second

Front 33

vertical movement of cold, deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface

Back 33

upwelling

Front 34

vertical movement of surface water to deeper areas

Back 34

downwelling

Front 35

is surface productivity lower near upwelling or downwelling areas

Back 35

downwelling areas

Front 36

upwelling caused by divergence of water due to ekman transport of equatorial current waters

Back 36

equatorial upwelling

Front 37

upwelling caused by movement of water away from shore due to coastal winds and Ekman transport

Back 37

coastal upwelling

Front 38

where is coastal upwelling most common and prominant in the Americas

Back 38

west coasts of North and South America

Front 39

why do upwelling and downwelling frequently occur at high latitudes

Back 39

absence of pycnocline

Front 40

another name for the Antarctice Circumpolar Current

Back 40

West Wind Drift

Front 41

nickname for strong winds from 40-50 degrees S

Back 41

roaring forties

Front 42

nickname for strong winds from 50-60 degrees S

Back 42

furious fifties

Front 43

nickname for strong winds from 60-70 degrees S

Back 43

screaming sixties

Front 44

what causes the unusual strength of the roaring forties, furious fifties, and screaming sixties

Back 44

lack of friction with continents

Front 45

largest volume current; current flow

Back 45

Antarctic Circumpolar Current; 130 Sv

Front 46

squeeze of Antarctic Circumpolar Current between tip of South America and Antarctica

Back 46

Drake Passage

Front 47

what is the Sargasso Sea named after

Back 47

ubiquitous Sargassum algae

Front 48

are western boundary currents rich in life

Back 48

no, but the edges are

Front 49

bends in a current

Back 49

meanders

Front 50

large rotating masses of water that have broken off of currents due to meandering

Back 50

eddies, vortexes, or rings

Front 51

do cold water eddies move to the north or south of the Gulf Stream; spin direction

Back 51

south; counterclockwise

Front 52

which have more nutrients and are more productive: cold-water or warm-water eddies

Back 52

cold-water eddies

Front 53

what American charted the Gulf Stream using sailing data from his nephew

Back 53

Benjamin Franklin

Front 54

who was Ben Franklin's sea captain nephew

Back 54

Timothy Folger

Front 55

what is another name for the Peru Current

Back 55

Humboldt Current

Front 56

what fish are a plentiful food source near Peru and Ecuador due to upwelling

Back 56

anchovies

Front 57

what country is the single largest producer of fish from the sea in the world

Back 57

Peru

Front 58

atmospheric circulation cell in the equatorial South Pacific

Back 58

Walker Cell

Front 59

wedge of warm water on the western side of the Pacific Ocean due to trade winds

Back 59

Pacific warm pool

Front 60

ENSO

Back 60

El Nino-Southern Oscillation

Front 61

the warm-water phase with less upwelling and a hurt fishing industry

Back 61

El Nino

Front 62

the cold-water phase with more upwelling and a better fishing industry

Back 62

La Nina

Front 63

which is associated with stronger Walker circulation: El Nino or La Nina

Back 63

La Nina

Front 64

PDO

Back 64

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Front 65

phenonemon of varying Pacific sea surface temperatures every 20 to 30 years

Back 65

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

Front 66

what is the weaker analogous event to El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the Atlantic Ocean

Back 66

North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)

Front 67

program designed to study how El Nino events develop

Back 67

Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA)

Front 68

season of winds that bring lots of rain to Asia from air masses above the Indian Ocean

Back 68

monsoon

Front 69

southernmost tip of Africa

Back 69

Cape Agulhas

Front 70

abrupt turn of the Agulhas current as it meets the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Back 70

Agulhas Retroflection

Front 71

typical range of speeds of deep currents

Back 71

10 to 20 km/yr

Front 72

typical range of speeds of surface currents

Back 72

10 to 20 km/hr

Front 73

worldwide circulation driven by surface currents and deep currents

Back 73

conveyor belt circulation, aka global conveyor belt

Front 74

where and why are deep currents initiated

Back 74

poles; dense, salty water sinks

Front 75

diagram showing density in relation to temperature and density

Back 75

temperature-salinity (T-S) diagram

Front 76

densest water of the open ocean

Back 76

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Front 77

what causes the polar waters to become so salty

Back 77

water freezing

Front 78

deep ocean circulation driven by dense waters sinking

Back 78

thermohaline circulation

Front 79

which can dissolve more gas: cold or warm water

Back 79

cold water