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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cylindrical samples of sediment retrieved from ocean drilling
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cores
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3 general types of rock
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igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
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4 classifications of marine sediments by origin
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biogenous, cosmogenous, lithogenous, hydrogenous
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name the classification of sediments that originate in rivers, volcanoes, or glaciers
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lithogenous sediments
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sediment that comes from dry land
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terrigenous sediment
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where does siliceous ooze originate: warm or cold water?
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cold
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2 most common types of biogenous sediment (chemicals)
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calcium carbonate, silica
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calcareous ooze can comes from what microorganisms
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coccolithophores, foraminifera
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what macroorganisms contribute to calcareous ooze
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corals, molluscs
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what organisms contribute to siliceous ooze
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diatoms, radiolarians
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are foraminiferans and coccolithophores found more near the poles or tropics?
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tropics
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a fine-grained sediment with greater than 30% biological material
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ooze
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a sediment deposited after precipitating from seawater
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hydrogenous sediment
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what type of sediments are evaporites and metal sulfides
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hydrogenous sediments
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name examples of hydrogenous sediments
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manganese nodules, oolites, phosphorite, metal sulfides, evaporites
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what 5 metals are manganese nodules composed of
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manganese, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt
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sediment that originates in space
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cosmogenous sediment
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cosmogenous sediment that is made of smooth silica due to quick cooling upon striking ocean surface
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tektite
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what metals do meteors typically deposit
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iron, nickel
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sediments that are derived from preexisting rocks
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lithogenous sediments
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general process that results in rocks breaking up to become sediments
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weathering
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weathering and transport of sediment
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erosion
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what percentage of eroded lithogenous sediment is supplied by runoff from Asia
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80%
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where are most lithogenous sediments found: continental margins or ocean basins
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continental margins
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most common mineral in the crust; composition
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quartz; silicon dioxide
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what is the typical composition of beach sands
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quartz
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what scale classifies sediments by size
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Wentworth scale of grain size
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classifications of grain size from largest to smallest
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boulder, cobbles, pebbles, granules, sand, silt, clay
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what is the typical shape of clay sediments
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flat
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what is the most cohesive sediment classified by grain size
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clay
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a measure of the uniformity of grain sizes
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sorting
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same-sized sand particles: well sorted or poorly sorted
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well sorted
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which is more likely to result in poor sorting: wind or glacier?
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glacier
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what 3 features affect sediment texture
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maturity, sorting, grain size
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what shape are mature sediments; higher or lower clay content?
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round; lower
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what is the mathematical relation of phi size to grain diameter
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d=2^(-phi)
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who created the phi size scale for sediments
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Krumbein
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deposits of sediments on continental margins
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neritic deposits
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old sediments covering the continental shelf
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relict sediments
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process by which sediments are transported by glacial ice bergs
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ice rafting
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deposits of sediments in ocean basins
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pelagic deposits
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abyssal clays contain at least what percentage of clay; color?
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70%; red-brown
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name examples of macroscopic biogenous sediments
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shells, bones, teeth
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microscopic shells of some marine organisms
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tests
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mineral that is hydrated silica from diatoms and radiolarians
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opal
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"living snowflake of the sea" is a nickname for what organism
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radiolarian
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individual plates of coccolithophores' shells
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coccoliths
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place with lots of coccolithophore-derived chalk
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White Cliffs, England
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approximately what length of time is the average maximum age of diatoms
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1 week
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name examples of products made from diatomaceous earth (diatom sediment)
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filters, cleaner abrasives, absorbents, space shuttle tiles
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are oozes more common along continental margins or in ocean basins
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ocean basins
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rock on shore composed of calcium carbonate
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limestone
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mushroom-shaped calcium carbonate structures that are found in warm, shallow waters
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stromatolites
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what organisms are responsible for forming the layers of calcium carbonate in stromatolites
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cyanobacteria
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why is iron in abyssal clay red
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it is oxidized
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where is calcium carbonate most likely to dissolve: deep or shallow water?
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deep water due to higher acidity and pressure
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zone where calcium carbonate solubility changes rapidly with depth
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lysocline
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depth where dissolution of calcium carbonate is virtually immediate
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calcite compensation depth
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what is the average depth of the lysocline; calcite compensation depth?
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4000 m; 4500 m
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which is more common under upwelling regions: calcareous or siliceous ooze?
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siliceous ooze because diatoms and radiolarians prefer cool water
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process by which minerals come out of a solution
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precipitation
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in dense areas, about how many manganese nodules can be found per square meter
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100
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what hydrogenous sediment is attractive as a fertilizer
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phosphorite
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spheres of calcium carbonate (calcite) formed in layers by precipitation
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oolites
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how long ago did the Mediterranean Sea dry up
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6 million years ago
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about how long did it take for the Mediterranean Sea to refill with water after it dried
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100 years
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any silicate rock material from a meteorite
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chondrite
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any microscopic, globular mass from space usually consisting of silicates, iron, or nickel
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spherule
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what are the percentages of siliceous ooze, calcareous ooze, and abyssal clay covering pelagic ocean floors
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calcareous: 48%, clay: 38%, siliceous: 14%
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what is the medium for transport of 99% of biogenous sediments
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fecal pellets
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approximately how long does it take a fecal pellet to sink on average
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10-15 days
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bucketlike device used to collect surface sediments in early exploration of the oceans
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dredge
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modern process by which deep cores are collected
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rotary drilling
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old process by which shallow cores were collected
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gravity coring
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compact structures under the ocean floor made of frozen water containing natural gas
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gas hydrates
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what is the most common gas hydrate
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methane hydrate
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what was the pioneering ship of the Ocean Drilling Program that collected many cores
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Glomar Challenger
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what are 2 successors to the Glomar Challenger
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JOIDES Resolution, Chikyu
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name the 2 replacement programs for the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)
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Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), then Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
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what type of organism is responsible for making gas hydrates
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bacteria
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what 2 environmental conditions are necessary for the creation of gas hydrates
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high pressures, low temperatures
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2 most economically-useful salts (mineral names)
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gypsum, halite
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what is the mineral name of common table salt
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halite (NaCl)
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what is the "strategic" resource the US sees in manganese nodules
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cobalt, used in strong alloys
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hard coatings of cobalt on other rocks
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cobalt crusts
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where do many suspended lithogenous sediments come from
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Sahara desert
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