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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the plane of earth's orbit
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ecliptic
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time when sun is directly over the equator and moving north
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vernal equinox
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date of vernal equinox
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21-Mar
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latitude that has the sun directly overhead during the summer solstice
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Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N)
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latitude that has the sun directly overhead during the winter solstice
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Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S)
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sun is directly over the equator and heading south
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autumnal equinox
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date of autumnal equinox
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23-Sep
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angle of tilt of the earth with respect to the sun
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declination
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regions where light and dark cycles are unusually short or long
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Arctic and Antarctic Circles (66.5+ N/S)
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name for the percentage of of incident radiation that is reflected back up from earth's surface
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albedo
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average percentage for the albedo of Earth
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30%
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which has a higher albedo: ice or oceans?
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ice
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name for the amount of radiation absorbed by a section of earth's surface
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insolation
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layer of earth's atmosphere where weather occurs
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troposphere
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rising and sinking of air in a circular manner above a large section of earth
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convection cell
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a device that measures air pressure
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barometer
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movement of air from high to low pressure
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wind
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are the following quantities high or low at the equator: precipitation, pressure
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high precipitation, low pressure
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the idea that the path of moving bodies change because of earth's rotation
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coriolis effect
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what direction do objects move in the southern and northern hemispheres due to the coriolis effect
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left, right
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a southwesterly wind blows in what direction
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northeast
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name the 3 convection cells from equator to pole
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Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, polar cell
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winds found from 0 to 30 degrees
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trade winds
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winds found from 30 to 60 degrees
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prevailing westerlies
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winds found from 60 to 90 degrees
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polar easterlies
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the zone between both belts of trade winds where sailors were sometimes stranded
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doldrums/ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)
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dry boundary between trade winds and prevailing westerlies
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horse latitudes
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where did the horse latitudes get its name from
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sailors cast horses overboard to conserve drinking water
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cloudy, high precipitation boundary between prevailing westerlies and polar easterlies
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polar front
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wind that blows during the day from the ocean
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sea breeze
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wind that blows at night from the land
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land breeze
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strong cyclonic storms in the Atlantic Ocean
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hurricanes
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strong cyclonic storms in the Pacific Ocean
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typhoons
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measures the intensity of a hurricane; range?
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saffir-simpson scale; 1-5
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strong cyclonic storms in the Indian Ocean
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cyclones
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the rising coastal water associated with the hill of water built up by a hurricane
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storm surge
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deadliest natural disaster in United States history; year
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hurricane that hit Galveston Island, Texas; 1900
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ice covering polar seas
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sea ice
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sea ice broken up into discs by the wind
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pancake ice
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sheets of ice on the open sea
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ice floes
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chunks of ice that come from glaciers and break off by calving
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icebergs
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thick floating sheets of ice on the edge of Antarctica
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shelf ice
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what Soviet cruise ship hit an iceberg in the Arctic Ocean in 1989, but nobody died
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Maxim Gorky
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what luxury ship hit an iceberg and sank in the early 1912
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RMS Titanic
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mostly flat iceberg
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tabular iceberg
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tall iceberg
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castle iceberg
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what oceanographer led the search for Titanic
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Robert Ballard
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what umanned submersible first located Titanic in 1985
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Argo
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what was the first manned submersible to reach Titanic
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Alvin
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name 2 ice shelves on Antarctica
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Ross Ice Shelf, Larsen Ice Shelf
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gases that trap heat by absorbing infrared light and reemitting it in all directions
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greenhouse gases
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balance of heat across earth's surface
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heat budget
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top 4 greenhouses gases for their infrared-absorbing abilities
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water, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
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IPCC
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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group of scientists studying the human effects on global warming
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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agreement of nations to limit greenhouse gas emissions
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Kyoto Protocol
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proposition to fertilize ocean with iron to increase productivity
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iron hypothesis
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who proposed fertilizing the ocean with iron in 1987
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John Martin
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where did early testing of the iron hypothesis occur
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Galapagos Islands
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SOFAR channel
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sound fixing and ranging channel
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layer at 1000 m where sound travels slower and farther and gets stuck in the layer
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SOFAR channel
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does sound travel faster in cold or warm water
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warm water
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ATOC
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acoustic thermometry of ocean climate
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experiment to measure the temperature of ocean water by measuring sound speeds
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acoustic thermometry of ocean climate (ATOC)
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