<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 5: Water And Seawater

Front 1

an atom that has gained a charge

Back 1

ion

Front 2

intermolecular force experienced between water molecules

Back 2

hydrogen bond

Front 3

water molecules sticking together

Back 3

cohesion

Front 4

resistance of the thin outer layer of water to break or stretch

Back 4

surface tension

Front 5

water molecules sticking to other polar molecules

Back 5

adhesion

Front 6

water molecules completely surround ions

Back 6

hydration

Front 7

solvent molecules completely surround solute ions

Back 7

solvation

Front 8

the state of ions dissolving

Back 8

dissociation

Front 9

water's nickname due to its ability dissolve a wide range of substances

Back 9

the universal solvent

Front 10

any attractive intermolecular force

Back 10

van der Waals force

Front 11

the energy of moving particles

Back 11

heat

Front 12

measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules

Back 12

temperature

Front 13

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius

Back 13

calorie

Front 14

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Back 14

heat capacity

Front 15

the heat absorbed by water as it changes phase without changing temperature

Back 15

latent heat

Front 16

synonymous with "latent heat of melting"

Back 16

heat of fusion

Front 17

the change of phase of water from liquid to gas without reaching the boiling point

Back 17

evaporation

Front 18

which takes more energy per gram of liquid: evaporation or vaporization?

Back 18

evaporation

Front 19

what property of water causes it to experience less temperature variation than land

Back 19

heat capacity

Front 20

what is the density of pure water

Back 20

1 g/mL

Front 21

at what temperature is pure water most dense

Back 21

4 *C

Front 22

ice is less dense than liquid water because molecules line up in a more spread out ________ structure

Back 22

lattice

Front 23

property that accounts for floating ice

Back 23

thermal expansion

Front 24

the law stating that more gas can be dissolved under higher pressures

Back 24

Henry's law

Front 25

average salinity of sea water

Back 25

3.5% (35 ppt, 35 g/kg, 35 %subo)

Front 26

name the top 6 dissolved salts in sea water from most to least concentrated

Back 26

chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium

Front 27

what are the top 3 dissolved gases in sea water from most to least concentrated

Back 27

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen

Front 28

what are the top 4 nutrients dissolved in sea water from most to least concentrated

Back 28

silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron

Front 29

idea that major dissolved consituents occur in the same proportions in sea water everywhere

Back 29

principle of constant proportions (constancy of composition)

Front 30

what scientist aboard HMS Challenger firmly established the principle of constant proportions

Back 30

William Dittmar

Front 31

what ion concentration is measured most often to find the concentration of all dissolved ions in sea water

Back 31

chloride

Front 32

what constant is multiplied by the chlorinity to get the salinity of a sea water sample

Back 32

1.80655

Front 33

instrument that measures the conductivity of a sample to find its salinity

Back 33

salinometer

Front 34

what is the ship of the first truly oceanographic expedition

Back 34

HMS Challenger

Front 35

what influential biologist incorrectly asserted that life could not exist below 550 m due to high pressures and low light

Back 35

Edward Forbes

Front 36

who led the HMS Challenger expedition beginning in 1872

Back 36

Charles Wyville Thomson

Front 37

at what temperature does sea water freeze

Back 37

-2 *C

Front 38

which is not a good conductor: pure water or sea water?

Back 38

pure water

Front 39

what is the approximate density of sea water

Back 39

1.03 g/mL

Front 40

what is the average pH of sea water; basic or acidic

Back 40

8.1; basic

Front 41

why is the ocean blue/green

Back 41

blue/green light is scattered most

Front 42

sea water that is diluted by fresh water

Back 42

brackish water

Front 43

what processes reduce the salinity of sea water

Back 43

precipitation, runoff/rivers, melting ice

Front 44

what processes increase the salinity of sea water

Back 44

freezing, evaporation

Front 45

the process of ice chunks breaking free of coastal glaciers

Back 45

calving

Front 46

what is the dominant buffer in sea water

Back 46

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Front 47

the movement of water from high concentrations to low concentrations

Back 47

osmosis

Front 48

why is most young sea ice somewhat salty (4 to 15 ppt)

Back 48

it contains brine droplets trapped in structure

Front 49

what percentage of earth's water is in the oceans

Back 49

97.20%

Front 50

what percentage of earth's water is in glaciers and ice caps

Back 50

2.15%

Front 51

average length of time a substance remains in a particular reservoir

Back 51

residence time

Front 52

at what latitudes is salinity greatest

Back 52

23.5 *N/S (tropics of cancer and capricorn)

Front 53

the layer of rapidly changing salinity from extreme to intermediate

Back 53

halocline

Front 54

an orthographic plot that shows density vs. salinity and temperature

Back 54

temperature-salinity diagram (TS diagram)

Front 55

what 3 factors influence density

Back 55

temperature, salinity, pressure/depth

Front 56

what are the typical depth intervals of the halocline, thermocline, and pynocline

Back 56

300-1000 m

Front 57

the layer of sea water where density increases rapidly with depth

Back 57

pycnocline

Front 58

the layer of sea water where temperature decreases rapidly with depth

Back 58

thermocline

Front 59

at what latitudes are the pycnoclines more prominant

Back 59

tropical latitudes, near the equator

Front 60

what are the 3 density zones of the oceans by depth starting from the shallowest

Back 60

mixed surface layer, pycnocline (upper water), deep water

Front 61

filtration of sea water to create potable freshwater

Back 61

desalination

Front 62

name the top 4 methods of desalination

Back 62

freezing/melting, distallation (boiling/condensing), electrodialysis, reverse osmosis

Front 63

a desalination method where electrodes pull ions from sea water through membranes

Back 63

electrodialysis

Front 64

a desalination method where water molecules are pushed by high pressure through membranes

Back 64

reverse osmosis

Front 65

what is the smallest salinity for which the density of the water is greatest right at the melting point

Back 65

24.7 ppt