<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 12: Marine Life And The Marine Environment

Front 1

3 domains of life

Back 1

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

Front 2

which domain of life prefers extreme conditions

Back 2

archaea

Front 3

5 kingdoms of life initially proposed by Robert Whittaker but modified

Back 3

monera, animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

Front 4

kingdom for cyanobacteria

Back 4

monera

Front 5

domain for methanogens

Back 5

archaea

Front 6

mutaulistic relationship between fungi and cyanobacteria or algae

Back 6

lichen

Front 7

2 grasses that inhabit coastal environments

Back 7

eelgrass (Zostera), surf grass (Phyllospadix)

Front 8

systematic classification of organisms; who developed basis for modern classification

Back 8

taxonomy; Carolus Linnaeus

Front 9

7 levels of classification from largest to smallest

Back 9

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 10

dolphin fish

Back 10

mahi mahi

Front 11

organisms that float

Back 11

plankton (plankters)

Front 12

organisms that swim

Back 12

nekton

Front 13

bottom dwelling organisms

Back 13

benthos

Front 14

which mobility classification accounts for the most biomass in oceans

Back 14

98%; plankton

Front 15

organism that can produce its own food (does photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)

Back 15

autotroph

Front 16

organism that feeds primarily off of other organisms

Back 16

heterotroph

Front 17

autotrophic plankton; heterotrophic plankton

Back 17

phytoplankton; zooplankton

Front 18

organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton

Back 18

holoplankton

Front 19

organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton

Back 19

meroplankton

Front 20

common floating type of brown algae called seaweed or kelp

Back 20

Sargassum

Front 21

size classification of benthic invertebrates that live between grains of sand

Back 21

meiofauna

Front 22

very small plankton including bacteria

Back 22

picoplankton

Front 23

extremely small plankton including viruses

Back 23

femtoplankton

Front 24

nekton that migrate to freshwater to spawn but spend most of their lives in the ocean; example

Back 24

anadromous organisms; salmon

Front 25

nekton that migrate to the ocean to spawn but spend most of their lives in freshwater; example

Back 25

catadromous organisms; eels

Front 26

organisms living on the surface of ocean floor (can be attached or moving)

Back 26

epifauna

Front 27

organisms living buried in the sea floor

Back 27

infauna

Front 28

organisms that swim just above the sea floor; example

Back 28

nektobenthos, or demersal organisms; stingray

Front 29

number of catalogued marine species

Back 29

250,000

Front 30

environment that is the open ocean water including waters above the continental shelf

Back 30

pelagic environment

Front 31

percent of marine species inhabiting the benthic environment

Back 31

98%

Front 32

substance of all living matter; what percentage of it is water by mass

Back 32

protoplasm; 80%

Front 33

a substance's internal resistance to flow; greater for cool or warm water

Back 33

viscosity; cool water is more viscous

Front 34

Swiss scientist who funded biological oceanographic research and designed sampling devices

Back 34

Alexander Agassiz

Front 35

why do smaller plankton float better

Back 35

high surface area to volume ratio

Front 36

having a shape that offers the least resistance to fluid flow or the least drag

Back 36

streamlining

Front 37

organisms that can withstand only very small temperature changes

Back 37

stenothermal

Front 38

organisms that can withstand large and rapid temperature changes

Back 38

eurythermal

Front 39

coastal organisms that tolerate large changes in salinity

Back 39

euryhaline

Front 40

open ocean organisms that can tolerate only small changes in salinity

Back 40

stenohaline

Front 41

movement of a substance through a fluid to areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Back 41

diffusion

Front 42

movement of water from areas of high water content to areas of low water content

Back 42

osmosis

Front 43

salinity of an organism's fluid equals that of its surroundings

Back 43

isotonic

Front 44

organism with more dissolved ions in it than the surroundings; less dissolved ions?

Back 44

hypertonic; hypotonic

Front 45

how do marine fish dispose of salt in the saltwater they drink

Back 45

chloride cells in gills

Front 46

does warm or cold water hold more dissolved gas

Back 46

cold water

Front 47

respiratory organs that exchanged gases directly with seawater

Back 47

gills

Front 48

small blood vessels in gills that exchange gases

Back 48

capillaries

Front 49

amount of suspended sediment in water

Back 49

turbidity

Front 50

dark coloring on top and light coloring on the bottom to blend in

Back 50

countershading

Front 51

color patterns displayed to look like the variable colors of the environment (tropical fish)

Back 51

disruptive coloration

Front 52

false bottom that tricks depth recorders due to dense packing of marine organisms

Back 52

deep scattering layer (DSL)

Front 53

when is the deep scattering layer deeper; how deep?

Back 53

day; 900 m

Front 54

how deep is the deep scattering layer during the night

Back 54

100 to 200 m

Front 55

what 2 factors influence the migration of the deep scattering layer

Back 55

feeding, avoiding predators

Front 56

what is the depth of water that is equivalent to 1 atm (14.7 psi) of pressure

Back 56

10 m (33 ft)

Front 57

pelagic waters extending from shore to a depth of 200 m, which is above the continental shelf and part of the slope

Back 57

neritic province

Front 58

pelagic waters with depths greater than 200 m

Back 58

oceanic province

Front 59

4 sections of the oceanic province from top to bottom and depths

Back 59

epipelagic zone (0-200m), mesopelagic (200-1000m), bathypelagic (1000-4000m), abyssopelagic (4000+m)

Front 60

inventors of the first form of scuba equipment

Back 60

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, Emile Gagnan

Front 61

first form of scuba equipment invented in 1943

Back 61

Aqualung

Front 62

what does scuba stand for

Back 62

self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

Front 63

disorienting condition caused by excessive amounts of nitrogen in blood of divers at great depths

Back 63

nitrogen narcosis

Front 64

diving problem associated with ascending too quickly resulting in a build-up of nitrogen bubbles blocking blood vessels

Back 64

decompression sickness (the bends)

Front 65

mixture of gas typically used for very deep dives

Back 65

heliox (helium, oxygen, hydrogen)

Front 66

depth of record ocean dive

Back 66

534 m

Front 67

light zone extending from surface to 100 m (below which photosynthesis cannot be done)

Back 67

euphotic zone

Front 68

light zone extending from 100 m to 1000 m (below which light cannot be detected)

Back 68

disphotic zone

Front 69

light zone below 1000 m where there is no light

Back 69

aphotic zone

Front 70

what is the depth of the oxygen minimum layer (oml)

Back 70

700-1000 m

Front 71

capability of some organims to produce light and glow

Back 71

bioluminescence

Front 72

light-producing cells of bioluminescent organisms

Back 72

photophores

Front 73

layer where bioluminescent organisms are usually found

Back 73

mesopelagic zone or disphotic zone

Front 74

term for dead and decaying organic matter including waste

Back 74

detritus

Front 75

type of pigment molecule that releases photons when excited

Back 75

luciferin

Front 76

ordinary pigment cells that reflect light

Back 76

chromatophores

Front 77

transitional benthic region just above the high tide line

Back 77

supralittoral zone (spray zone)

Front 78

benthic environment extending from surface to 200 m

Back 78

subneritic province

Front 79

benthic environment below 200 m

Back 79

suboceanic province

Front 80

benthic environment between tides (aka the intertidal zone)

Back 80

littoral zone

Front 81

benthic environment below low tide but above 200 m

Back 81

sublittoral zone

Front 82

benthic environment corresponding to the continental slope; depths?

Back 82

bathyal zone (200-4000 m)

Front 83

benthic environment between 4000 and 6000 m

Back 83

abyssal zone

Front 84

deepest benthic environment found only in trenches below 6000 m

Back 84

hadal zone