Criminology And Penology Test #2

Front 1

dualistic fallacy

Back 1

the assumption that a population has two mutually exclusive subclasses, such as criminals and noncriminals

Front 2

victomology

Back 2

the discipline that studies the nature and causes of victimization. also programs for assisting victims and preventing victimization.

Front 3

dark figures of crime

Back 3

is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which calls into question the reliability of official crime statistics.

Front 4

restorative justice

Back 4

an approach that provides both adluts and juveniles. designed to restore crime victims and the community,that is to provide justice for them.

Front 5

transitions

Back 5

short term events such as a first job or even a first marriage

Front 6

aggravated assult

Back 6

a threat to commit an immediate, offensive, and unauthorized touching, injury or death with sometimes with a deadly weapon.

Front 7

assult

Back 7

threat to commit an immediate offensive and unauthorized touching

Front 8

battered spouse syndrome

Back 8

the cycle of abuse by a special person often a parent or a spouse. if the battered person kills the alleged baterer, some jurdistictions will admit evidence of the battered person syndrome as a defense to that killing.

Front 9

Battery

Back 9

unauthrorized touching which.

Front 10

domestic violencea

Back 10

violence within the family or other close associations.

Front 11

felony murder

Back 11

doctrine used to hold a defendant liable for murder if a human life is taken during commission of another felony.

Front 12

hate crimes

Back 12

defined in the federal criminal code as crimes that manifest based on race, sexuality or religion.

Front 13

involuntary manslaughter

Back 13

reckless while comitting an unlawful act such as driving while intoxicated.

Front 14

manslaughter

Back 14

unlawful killing of a human being by a person who lacks malice in the act.

Front 15

nonneligent manslauhter

Back 15

The willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another

Front 16

rape shield

Back 16

the type of statue aimed at the protection of evidence in a sexual assult or rape.

Front 17

stalking

Back 17

-course conducted directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity.

Front 18

usa patriot act

Back 18

law enacted after september 11th. inorder to provice tools for combating and intercepting terroism.

Front 19

voluntary manlauther

Back 19

an intentional killing committed in the heat of passion.

Front 20

year and a day rule

Back 20

common law requiring that for a murder charge. death must occur one day and one year from the time of the crime.

Front 21

terriorism

Back 21

violent acts or the use of the threat of violence to create fear, alarm, dread, or coercion against the government.

Front 22

career criminals

Back 22

person who commits crimes over an extended period of time.

Front 23

cybercrime

Back 23

crime that involves the internet

Front 24

cyberstalking

Back 24

stalking by use of computer

Front 25

grand larceny

Back 25

a felony involving the theft of property or money over a specified amount.

Front 26

petit larceny

Back 26

involves smaller amounts or values.

Front 27

selective incapacitation

Back 27

the selection of certain offenders. the serious is for incarciation

Front 28

identity-threat

Back 28

stealing individual social security number or other important information.

Front 29

antitrust laws

Back 29

state and federal laws to protect from price fixing, price discrimination and monopolies.

Front 30

money laundering

Back 30

hiding the existence illegal use or illegal source of income and making it appear that the income was obtained legally.

Front 31

racketeering

Back 31

an organized conspiracy to attempt or to commit extortion or coericion.

Front 32

syndicate

Back 32

a group of persons who oranize for purpose of carrying out matters of mutual interest. often associated by illegal activites.

Front 33

boot camps

Back 33

correctional facilities designed to detain offenders ,primarily juveniles or young adults.

Front 34

community work service

Back 34

an approach to punishment that stresses the reintergration fo the offender into the community.

Front 35

diversion

Back 35

a practice that removes offenders from criminal justice systems and channels them into other agencies such as social welfare.

Front 36

halfway house

Back 36

a pre-release center used to help an inmate in changing from prison life to community life.

Front 37

reintegration

Back 37

a philosophy of punishment that focuses on returning the offender to the community with restored education.

Front 38

shock incarceration

Back 38

the incarceration of a person for a brief period prior to release on probation or other type of supervision.

Front 39

work release

Back 39

an authorized absence from a jail, prison or other penal facilty that allows a prisoner gain a job..

Front 40

hands off doctrine

Back 40

a doctrine embraced by federal courts to justify the non intervention in the administration of correctional facilities.

Front 41

deprivation model

Back 41

a model of prisonization based on the belief that the prison subculture arises from inmates adapting to sever physical and pshycological losses by being incarceration.

Front 42

importation model

Back 42

a model of prizonation based on the imate subculture if they do arise. both internal and external patterns of behavior.

Front 43

incarceration

Back 43

confinement in a jail, a prison, or other penal facility as a form of punishment for a criminal act.

Front 44

prisonization

Back 44

the process by which a prsion inmate assimilates the customs norms, values and of prison life.

Front 45

reformatory

Back 45

correctional facility that is less secure than a prison of penitentiary. has the goal of rehabilitation of offenders

Front 46

transportation

Back 46

historically,deporting criminals to other countries as punishment