Test 2 Material Socl 4461 Criminology Shihadeh

Front 1

True/False
Race is actually not a predictor of crime in Baton Rouge (except larceny theft which occurs most often of people who are white)

Back 1

True

Front 2

About what percentage of robberies involve a weapon?

Back 2

about 60%. The other 40% are called strong armed robberies and are more likely to result in injury

Front 3

What are some of the advantages of robbery as a crime?

Back 3

1. It involves very little planning
2. The thrill or excitement factor
3. Robbery enhances someone’s status within a group.

Front 4

What are some of the disadvantages of robbery as a crime?

Back 4

1. Fear of the victim
2. High probability of arrest (clearance rate of 25%)

Front 5

What are the 2 ways in which the risks of robbery are managed?

Back 5

1. Choice of partners
2. Choice of targets

Front 6

What are the qualities that a good partner for robbery exemplifies?

Back 6

1. Someone who has heart
2. Someone who has gives off an impression of toughness
3. Someone who is solid (sam defines being solid as someone who won't rat on you when the authorities lean on you)

Front 7

Which are the 3 groups of targets that robbers deem most acceptable?

Back 7

The ones that are acceptable are the young people. There is this notion that young people, like ourselves, have been spoon-fed. Another acceptable group is homosexuals because it represent disapproval of their lifestyle. Another is someone who is drunk in public.

Front 8

What are the 4 different types of robbers?

Back 8

1. Professional Robber
2. Opportunist robber
3. Addict robber
4. Alcoholic robber

Front 9

True/False
Robbery is often done by people who are to young or too stupid to do anything else. It is a primitive extension of everyday behaviors.

Back 9

True

Front 10

theory by Sutherland and Cressey says that crime is learned.

Back 10

Differential association

Front 11

For Sutherland, two types of things are learned in differential association. What are they? Taking these 2 things together, what are they called?

Back 11

1. Attitudes and orietations- is it subjectively acceptable to you?
2. Skills and techniques

o Taking these things together are called messages or definitions. When you hear about attitudes/orientations and skills/techniques they are crime favorable definitions or crime favorable methods.

Front 12

If you get an excess of crime favorable messages in the day such as you might get if you live in a high crime area (dope dealers, prostitutes, theft, etc.) then it is more probable that you will engage in crime. This idea describes whose theory?

Back 12

Sutherland's Differential association

Front 13

Sutherland feels that the messages one receives from ________ groups are the ones that are the most important.

Back 13

primary groups

Front 14

What are some examples of primary groups?

Back 14

family, friends, kin, neighborhood, etc.

Front 15

newspapers, television, radio, internet, are all examples of?

Back 15

Impersonal agencies of communication. not as important as primary groups in differential association.

Front 16

Why does Sutherland say that messages coming from primary groups are more influential than those from impersonal agencies?

Back 16

When messages come from a primary group you can identify with them more and you respect them more. Primary groups can reinforce things in positive and negative ways

Front 17

True/False
Sutherland would agree that television is not that important in teaching violence.

Back 17

True

Front 18

where the group reinforces the behavior in a positive way to the behaviors that they like and in a negative way to the ones that they don’t like.

Back 18

Differential reinforcement

Front 19

In the criminal world the word "professional" is characterized in four different ways. What are they?

Back 19

1. Skill- crime is done more profitably and more safely
2. Status- have prestige in the underwold and sometimes in normal society
3. Consensus- shared philosophy of life
4. Differential Association- you will find that professional criminals are differentially organized with one another (other criminals)

Front 20

What are the 4 types of skills that a "professional" criminal most likely have?

Back 20

1. Interpersonal skills
2. Mechanical skills
3. organizational skills
4. Perceptual skills

Front 21

What are 5 shared philosophies (consensus) that criminals have?

Back 21

1. All people are basically dishonest
2. So-called non-criminals would commit crime if they could.
3. some targets are more worthy of being victimized than others.
4. law enforcement and legal individuals are all corrupt and that they get away with it because they are on the other side of the law.
5. crime is a business.

Front 22

the stall will actually hold the mark in position for a split second for the tool. this is known as?

Back 22

pratting

Front 23

True/False
Pick-pocketing is primarily committed by men

Back 23

True

Front 24

What are the 2 steps to pratting?

Back 24

1. Hold the mark in place, at the same time shading the duke.
2. Move the mark back into the flow of the crowd.

Front 25

specialized language, reinforces ties inside the group. Helps define the boundary in the group

Back 25

argot

Front 26

What event brought about the birth of the underworld?

Back 26

The industrial revolution around the 16 and 17th century.

Front 27

the willful killing of one human being by another (UCR definition)

Back 27

homicide

Front 28

U.S. ranks where in terms of homicide compared to the rest of the world?

Back 28

19th

Front 29

What 2 conditions must be satisfied to qualify for 1st degree murder

Back 29

1. Malice of forethought- the attack is intended to kill
2. Premeditation – planned out the attack

Front 30

what is the only condition that must be satisfied to qualify as 2nd degree murder?

Back 30

Malice of forethought

Front 31

o Malice of forethought
o Same serious provocation which diminishes criminal responsibility

This describes what type of homicide?
o In reality sometimes make deals

Back 31

Non-negligent manslaughter

Front 32

o Killed, but didn’t intend to kill
o Doesn’t include motive and premeditation

This describes which type of homicide?

Back 32

Negligent manslaugher

Front 33

What percentage of homicides include firearms?

What percent of total homicides are handguns used in?

Back 33

70%

55%

Front 34

True/False
Murder rates are higher in the north than in the south

Back 34

False, higher in the south than north

Front 35

what is the peak age for committing murder?

Back 35

18 to 23

90% of arrestees are male

Front 36

In household disputes, women are most likely to be killed in the _______ b/c it is the males domain. Likewise, men are most likely to be killed in the _______ b/c it is the female domain.

Back 36

Bedroom

Kitchen

Front 37

True/False
In 43% of the cases, the offender and the victim know each other.

Back 37

True

Front 38

True/False
Most serial and mass murderers are black and over age 25

Back 38

False, white over 25

Front 39

the victim made a direct and immediate contribution to their death or demise, not a purely innocent bystander. (may have been the first to start the fight).

Back 39

Victim percipitated homicide

Front 40

What are the 4 stages of victim percipitated homicide?

Back 40

1. Victim violates the offenders sense of honor
2. victim takes to offense and retaliates maybe with another insult or a shove or a push
3. Character test – both the offender and victim are now going back and forth exchanging punches or insults and neither is going to back down.
4. escalates a full flown battle until someone applies deadly force and someone is dead.

Front 41

What 2 states have the highest murder rates?

Back 41

Louisiana followed by Mississippi

Front 42

an argument that southern males are more likely to react violently than there northern counterparts.

Back 42

Southern sub-culture of violence theory

Front 43

True/False
Differing homicide rates between the north and south are a white effect.

Back 43

True

Front 44

True/False
80% of southerners said it is ok to kill to protect your home and 100% said yes it is ok to kill to protect your family.

Back 44

True

Front 45

What are some differing beliefs as to why murder rates are higher in the south?

Back 45

1. Southerners are descended from hot-headed Irish.
2. Religious differences, more baptist people in the south.
3. We have a frontier history that says we have to project an image that says don't fuck with me.
4. Brunt of the civil war was fought in the south.

Front 46

Responsible for the southern sub-culture of poverty theory:

Back 46

Hackney-Gastil

Front 47

These camps of people thinks that the higher murder/crime rate in the south is due to more un-employment and poverty linked to homicide

Back 47

Compositional camps

Front 48

What are the three stages involved in becoming an embezzeler.

Back 48

1. Incurring a non-shareable financial problem
2. Perceiving embezzelment as a solution to your problems
3. Developing neutralizations

Front 49

a confrontation with the definition of oneself

Back 49

normative conflict

Front 50

a pre-behavioral justification which protects the individual from self blame and makes ordinary social controls ineffective thereby making the deviant behavior possible

Back 50

Neutralization

Front 51

What are 5 neutralization techniques?

Back 51

1. Denial of responsibility
2. Denial of victim
3. Denial of injury
4. Condemnation of the condemners
5. Appeal to higher loyalties

Front 52

Authors of Neutralizations theory

Back 52

Sykes and Matza

Front 53

the person involved in the crime think they are being acted upon rather than acting and that they are helplessly propelled into the situation with no fault of their own. "I was just following orders"

Back 53

Denial of responsibility

Front 54

here the crime is seen as more of a minor technical violation that doesn’t hurt anyone. Downloading music, doing drugs.

Back 54

Denial of injury

Front 55

here the injury is not so much seen as a crime by the person but as a form of retribution (evening the score). "They had it coming"

Back 55

Denial of victim

Front 56

person is sacrificing the demands of a larger society for the demands of a smaller group. You are not rejecting the system, but you are caught in a hrad place. "Stealing to feed family"

Back 56

Appeal to higher loyalties

Front 57

The SUV example given in class was used to support which theory?

Back 57

Neutralizations Theory

Front 58

Willful attempt to defeat the tax code. The attempt alone is a crime, you do not have to be successful

Back 58

Tax evasion

Front 59

True/False
Willful attempts to defeat the tax code can be inferred from under reporting alone.

Back 59

False, there must be independent evidence of willfulness

Front 60

giving a gift of some sort to a public official in return for some public act.

Back 60

bribery

Front 61

Basically bribery, having to do with a federal defense program.

Back 61

Graft

Front 62

agreeing with others to commit a crime.

Back 62

conspiracy

Front 63

legal concept imposed on someone who refuses to abide by a court order.

Back 63

contempt

Front 64

occurs when officers of a corporation are major shareholders who buy or sell company shares based on information known only to them, before it Is made available to the public.

Back 64

insider trading

Front 65

Any interference with the order of civil or criminal courts, such as lying or intimidating witnesses.

Back 65

Obstruction of justice

Front 66

criminalizes the use of the postal services for the commission of a criminal act.

Back 66

mail fraud

Front 67

Using the telephone, internet, telegraph, or some other communications device for the commission of a criminal act.

Back 67

Wire Fraud

Front 68

This theory tries to explain why people don't commit crimes.

Back 68

Social Control or Social Bonds Theory

Front 69

What are the 4 types of Bonds in the Social Control Theory?

Back 69

1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief

Front 70

These theorists say that conscious is located outside of you because people don’t want to hurt people close to them. It’s located in your bonds with mainstream society

Back 70

Social Control Theorists

Front 71

bond of affection between you and other conventional persons (emotional investment)

Back 71

Attachment, this bond predicts why married people are less likely to commit crimes.

Front 72

refers to the economic, reputation, or certification ties (financial investmen). Engaging in crime jeopardizes your investments. Which type of bond is this describing

Back 72

Commitment

Front 73

this bond has to do with where you invest your time and this has to do with your conformity (time investment)

Back 73

Involvement

Front 74

this bond has to do with where you have invested your beliefs or your value system.

Back 74

Belief

Front 75

Responsible for the social control theory

Back 75

Durkheim and Hirchi

Front 76

theory started in the 1930s by people named Shaw and McKay. Based on their study of crime rates in Chicago from 1900 to 1930.

Back 76

Social Disorganization Theory

Front 77

Up until this theory, theories of crime were based on cultural/religious/genetic ideas

Back 77

Social Disorganization Theory

Front 78

What did Shaw and Mckay's studies reveal about the crime rate in Chicago?

Back 78

over this 30 year period the crime rate stayed the same. If they were high in one area they stayed high and where they were low, they stayed low. This was despite the fact that the people in these neighborhoods changed over time. Race changed, cultural origin changed, etc. but the crime rates remained relatively the same.

Front 79

What did Shaw and Mckay conclude was the reason for their findings?

Back 79

When social change occurs too quickly, it disrupts the natural order of things. These communities with consistently high crime rates were those that had week formal and informal networks for social control.

Front 80

connections between formal organizations (churches, schools, libraries, political organizations, businesses, etc.)

Back 80

Formal networks

Front 81

connections with neighbors, neighborhood friends, associates, or anything that isn’t an organization. You have ties to people in your community.

Back 81

Informal networks

Front 82

The effectiveness by which groups can work collectively

Back 82

Collective effectivacy

Front 83

· The major emphasis of this theory is on the structure of society, not at the individual level (but at the macro level)

Back 83

Social Disorganizations theory

Front 84

Responsible for the study entitled, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (around 1920).

Back 84

Thomas and Znaniecki

Front 85

came up with the Concentric Zone Theory of Crime

Back 85

Park and Burgess

Front 86

The very heart of the city where most of the social change occurs, center for power and energy

Back 86

Central Business District

Front 87

The next ring outside the CBD. has the highest crime rates because they were experiencing most of the social change.

Back 87

Transition zone

Front 88

The ring outside of the Transition zone. a working class neighborhood with lots of working families. Crime rates are high but are coming down from the transition zone because they are further away from the central zone of the city.

Back 88

multiple family working class zone

Front 89

The circle outside of the multiple family working class zone. which was an old neighborhood with small single family residents. (similar to the Garden District in Baton Rouge) and the crime rates were down ever more.

Back 89

single family residence zone

Front 90

This ring is the outer ring, pretty quiet and almost completely insulated from social change at the center of the city so the crime rates are the lowest. bassically the suburbs

Back 90

Commuter zone

Front 91

The attempt was to reestablish stability in some communities. If disorganization is the problem, then reorganization is the solution.

Back 91

University of Chicago Project

Front 92

What were the 2 broad strategies in the University of Chicago project

Back 92

1. to coordinate the resources of a wide variety of groups in the neighborhood (trying to reestablish formal ties)

2. sponsoring a bunch of youth programs with 3 initiatives

Front 93

What did Robert Sampson find about the effects of single parent households on crime rates?

Back 93

He found a correlation at the macro level. When there is a cluster of single parent households, that area will have higher crime rates.

Front 94

What are some of the reasons why Robert Sampson says that clusters of single parent households leads to community disorganization?

Back 94

1. ingle parents tend to have fewer connections or formal ties with neighbors and interact less because they don’t have time (fewer formal networks)
2. single parent households tend to move around more so when you get a lot together, it is people that have moved and there is less of chance to develop those network ties. (less monitoring of peers and neighborhood groups and there a fewer parents around) juveniles are freer to deviate in a collective sense because there is a lot more unsupervised youth.
3.