Chapter 22- Ap2 - The Respiratory System

Front 1

List the organs of the respiratory system

Back 1

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 2

3 functions of respiration

Back 2

1. ventilation to the lungs (breathing)
2. exchange of gases
3. use of O2 in cellular metabolism

Front 3

What two systems collaborate to regulate the pH?

Back 3

respiratory and urinary

Front 4

What division is a passage for air and has no gas exchange?

Back 4

conducting division

Front 5

List functions of the nose

Back 5

warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air, detects odors, resonating chamber that amplifies the voice

Front 6

Ala nasi is where?

Back 6

the flared portion shaped by dense CT, forming the lateral wall of each nostril

Front 7

What are the sinus openings in the nose (superior, middle, and inferior)? and the massage ways beneath them?

Back 7

choanae or turbinates

meatuses

Front 8

What are the right and left halves of the nasal cavity?

Back 8

the nasal fossae

Front 9

What does the olfactory epithelium do?

Back 9

detects odor

Front 10

What kind of tissue lines the respiratory epithelium?

Back 10

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

Front 11

The trachea is lined with what kind of epithelium?

Back 11

ciliary pseudostratified epithelium

Front 12

What occurs with a spontaneous epistaxis?

Back 12

nosebleed

Front 13

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Back 13

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Front 14

What organ leads from the choanae to the layrnx?

Back 14

the pharynx

Front 15

What is the main function of the larynx?

Back 15

to keep food and drink out of the lungs; and is also the voicebox

Front 16

What is the flap of tissue that directs food and drink out of the esophagus? __ is the superior opening

Back 16

epiglottis

glottis

Front 17

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

Back 17

9
1: epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid
2: aryenoid cartilages, corniculate, cuneiform

Front 18

The ____ or the ____ is anterior to the esophagus; made up of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Back 18

trachea or the windpipe

Front 19

What is the point at which the bronchi splits left and right?

Back 19

carnia

Front 20

What is the region of the lung that is pressed against the ribcage?
and toward the heart?

Back 20

costal surface
mediastinal surface

Front 21

The hilum is what?

Back 21

a slit through which the lungs receive the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve

Front 22

___ is the process of making a temporary opening in the trachea to the larynx and insert a tube to allow airflow

Back 22

tracheostomy

Front 23

The bronchi is lined with what tissue?

Back 23

psuedostatified columnar epithelium

Front 24

What part of the lungs exchange the O2 and CO2?

Back 24

the respiratory bronchioles

Front 25

List the layers of tissue on the lungs

Back 25

inner layer: visceral pleura
middle layer: parietal pleura
outer layer: pleural cavity containing the pleural fluid

Front 26

What are the 3 functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

Back 26

1. reduction of friction
2. creation of pressure gradient
3. compartmentalization to prevent infection

Front 27

What is another name for breathing?

Back 27

pulmonary ventilation; repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

Front 28

Quiet respiration is?
Forced respiration is?

Back 28

relaxed, unconscious, autonomic
deep, rapid, exercise

Front 29

What are the principle muscles of respiration?

Back 29

the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

Front 30

760 mmHg is ___

Back 30

the normal atmospheric pressure

Front 31

As the intrapleural pressure decreases, the volume of the thoracic cavity ___

Back 31

increases

Front 32

As the intrapulmonary pressure decreases, the lungs do what?

Back 32

expand with the visceral pleura

Front 33

The ___ is created by changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity

Back 33

the pressure gradient

Front 34

___ is the prime mover of respiration and flattens when it contracts

Back 34

diaphragm

Front 35

What are the synergists to the diaphragm?

Back 35

scalenes, internal, and external intercostals

Front 36

Name 3 accessory muscles to inspiration

Back 36

Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae muscles

Front 37

What is valsalva maneuver?

Back 37

taking a deep breath, closing the glottis, and bearing down

Front 38

Pneumothorax?

Atelectasis?

Back 38

presence of air in pleural cavity

collapse of lung (or part of lung); can result from an airway obstruction

Front 39

The ___ nerve supplies the diaphragm muscle
The ___ nerve supplies the intercostal muscle

Back 39

phrenic

intercostal

Front 40

What are the 2 reasons that breathing depends on the brain?

Back 40

1. Skeletal muscle needs nervous stimulation for contractions
2. Central coordination of these muscles

Front 41

Inspiration neurons are fired by ___ neurons
Forced expiration neurons are fired by ___ neurons

Back 41

inspiratory

expiratory

Front 42

What are the three respiratory control center? and where are they located?

Back 42

1. ventral respiratory group - medulla
2. dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - medulla and central canal of brainstem
3. pontine respiratory group (PRG) - medulla

Front 43

What does the pneu,otaxi center do?
What does the apneustic center do?

Back 43

breathing is faster and shallower

breathing is slower and deeper

Front 44

Central chemorecpetors?

Peripheral chemoreceptors?

Back 44

respond to changes in pH levels of cerebrospinal fluid

located in the carotid and aortic bodies; respond to O2 and CO2 contents of the blood

Front 45

What are the receptors found in the smooth muscle of the bronchi and in the visceral pleura? What do they respond to?

Back 45

stretch receptors

inflation to the lungs and signal the DRG through the vagus nerve

Front 46

What are the receptors found in the nerve endings in the epithelial cells of the airway? What do they respond to?

Back 46

irritant receptors

responds to pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excessive mucus; transmits through vagus nerve to the DRG, resulting in bronchoconstriction

Front 47

What controls voluntary breathing? its limitations?

Back 47

neural pathways

blood CO2 and O2

Front 48

What are the 3 factors that influence the airway resistance?

Back 48

1. diameter of the bronchi
2. pulmonary compliance (ease with which lungs can expand)
3. surface tensions of the alveoli and distal bronchioles

Front 49

What causes bronchodilation?
What causes bronchoconstriction?

Back 49

1. sympathetic nerves and epinephrine
2. airborne irritants, cold air, parasympathetic stimulation, histamine

Front 50

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Back 50

effects premature infants that are younger than 7 months

Front 51

Residual volume?
Dead air?

Back 51

1.the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort
2. fills conducting division of airway (no gas exchange)

Front 52

Anatomic dead space?
Physiologic dead space?

Back 52

3. conducting division of airway where (no gas exchange)
4. sum of anatomic dead space and any pathological alveolar dead space

Front 53

__ is the best index of effective ventilation.

Back 53

alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

Front 54

1. the measurement of pulmonary function; aid in diagnosis
2. device a subject breathes into that measures ventilation

Back 54

spiromentry

spirometer

Front 55

Tidal volume?

Residual volume?

Back 55

1. the amount of air inhaled/exhaled in one quiet breath
2. the air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration, which keeps the alveoli inflated

Front 56

What is the formula for the vital capacity?

Back 56

VC = ERV + TV + IRV

Front 57

What is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration?

Back 57

Inspiratory capacity

Front 58

What happens with restrictive disorders?
What happens with obstructive disorders?

Back 58

1. compliance and vital capacity is decreased
2. it interferes with airflow, expiration requires more effort

Front 59

Eupnea?
Apnea?
Dyspnea?

Back 59

1. relaxed, quiet breathing
2. temporary cessation of breathing
3. labored, gasping breathing

Front 60

Hyperpnea?
Hyperventilation?
Hypoventilation?

Back 60

4. increased rate and depth of breathing
5. increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
6. reduced pulmonary ventilation

Front 61

Kussmaul respiration?
Orthopnea dyspnea?
Respiratory arrest?
Tachypnea?

Back 61

7. deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis
8. dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down
9. permanent cessation of breathing
10. accelerated respiration

Front 62

__ constitutes 78.6% of the atmosphere/air

Back 62

nitrogen

Front 63

__ is the process of carrying gases from the alevoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa

Back 63

gas transport

Front 64

Oxygen transport is mostly transported by __
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported by __

Back 64

hemoglobin

bicarbonate ion

Front 65

__ competes for the O2 binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule

__ bind to ferrous ion of hemoglobin

Back 65

carbon monoxide

carboxyhemoglobin

Front 66

carbonic acid, carbamino compunds, and dissolved in plamsa are the 3 forms that __ is transported as

Back 66

carbon dioxide

Front 67

acidosis? hypercapnia?
alkalossi? hypocapnia?

Back 67

1. blood pH lower than 7.35; causes acidosis
2. blood pH higher than 7.75; causes alkalossi

Front 68

What is ketoacidosis?

Back 68

acidosis brought by acidic ketone bodies

Front 69

What are the direct effects of carbon dioxide?

Back 69

it stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors and triggers an increase in ventilation

Front 70

Ischemic hypoxia?
Anemic hypoxia?
Histotoxi hypoxia?
Cyanosis?

Back 70

1. inadequate circulation
2. anemia
3. metabolic poison (cyanide)
4. blueness of skin

Front 71

Hypoemic hypoxia?

Back 71

usually due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange; high altitudes, drowning, aspiration, respiratory arrest, degenerative lung diseases, CO poisoning

Front 72

What is oxygen toxicity?

Back 72

pure oxygen breathed at 2.5 atm or greater; destroys enzymes, damages nervous tissue, seizures , coma, death

Front 73

What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy used for?

Back 73

previously for premature infants; causes retinal damage

Front 74

Hypoxic drive?

Back 74

respiration driven more by low O2 than by CO2 or pH

Front 75

COPD

Back 75

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; associated with smoking

Front 76

__ is when cilia immoblized and decrease in number, goblet cells produce mucus?

Back 76

chronic bronchitis

Front 77

__ is when alveolar walls break down; air passages collapse?

Back 77

emphysema

Front 78

__ is hypertrophy and potential failure of right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation

Back 78

cor pulmonale

Front 79

Squamous-cell carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma?
Small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma?

Back 79

1. most common, begins with transformation of bronchial epithelium into stat squamous; causes bleeding lesions
2. originates in mucous glands of lamina propria
3. least common, most dangerous, originates in primary bronchi