Chapter 17- Ap2 - Endocrine System

Front 1

Name the gland:
ducts; carry secretions to body surface or other organ cavity

Back 1

exocrine glands

Front 2

Name the gland:
no ducts; releases hormones into tissue fluids; has dense capillary networks to distribute hormones

Back 2

endocrine glands

Front 3

What can act as both endocrine and exocrine?

Back 3

the liver

Front 4

List some of the major organs of the endocrine system

Back 4

hypothalamus, pitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes)

Front 5

What are chemical messengers secreted in the blood stream?

Back 5

hormones

Front 6

4 differences between the nervous and endocrine system

Back 6

1. both serve for internal communication
2. speed and persistence of response
3. adaptation to long-term stimuli
4. area of effect (nervous- specific; endocrine- general)

Front 7

5 similarities in nervous endocrine systems

Back 7

1. several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters
2. some hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells (neurons)
3. overlapping effect on target cells
4. systems regulate each other
5. target organs or cells

Front 8

What is shaped like a flattened funnel and forms floor and walls of third ventricle? Regulates what?

Back 8

Hypothalamus
primitive functions (food, sleep, sex)

Front 9

The pituitary gland is suspended from the hypothalamus by the __

Back 9

infundibulum (stalk)

Front 10

Where is the pituitary gland housed in?

Back 10

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Front 11

These two structures are part of what?
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

Back 11

The pituitary gland
anterior
posterior

Front 12

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does what?

Back 12

stores and releases OT and ADH

Front 13

Oxytocin (OT)

Back 13

birth, flow of milk, sex, promotes feel-good feelings

Front 14

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 14

increases water retention, also called vasopressin because it causes vasoconstriction

Front 15

Anterior lobe of the pituitary does what?

Back 15

synthesizes and secretes six principle hormones

Front 16

Negative feedback

Back 16

increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones

Front 17

Positive feedback

Back 17

OT releases, causes stretching of uterus increases OT release, until delivery

Front 18

___ have receptors for hormones

Back 18

target cells

Front 19

What are the 4 methods of communication from cell to cell?

Back 19

gap junctions, neutransmitters, paracrine (local) hormones, hormones (strict)

Front 20

__ have pores in cell membrane along which signal chemicals to move from cell to cell

Back 20

gap junctions

Front 21

__ are released from neurons to travel across gap to the second cell

Back 21

neurotransmitters

Front 22

___ hormones secrete into tissue fluids to effect nearby cells

Back 22

paracrine or local hormones

Front 23

___ are chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs

Back 23

hormones (strict)

Front 24

The pituitary gland is composed of two structures

Back 24

1) adenohypophysis - anterior 3/4
2) neurohypophysis - posterior 1/4

Front 25

Name the structure that is suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Back 25

pituitary gland

Front 26

What does the follicle stimulating hormone do?

Back 26

stimulates production of eggs and sperm

Front 27

What does the luteinizing hormone do?

Back 27

stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen

Front 28

What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Back 28

stimulates growth of the thyroid for metabolism, body temp, etc

Front 29

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Back 29

regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete of corticosteroids that regulate glucose, fat & protein metabolism

Front 30

What does prolactin do?

Back 30

promotes lactation of milk; makes testes more sensitive

Front 31

What does the growth hormone do?

Back 31

promotes tissue growth through mitosis

Front 32

The pars intermedia is found only in __. It secretes ___

Back 32

fetuses and animals, not adult humans
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)- hair and skin pigmentation

Front 33

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Back 33

stores and releases oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
1. OT- birth, flow of milk, sex, feel-good feelings
2. ADH- water retention, vasocontriction

Front 34

__ controls the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
__ controls the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Back 34

hypothalamus

neuroendocrine reflexes

Front 35

How many inhibiting hormones stimulate the pituitary gland?

Back 35

six

Front 36

Insulin-like growth factors (IGK-I and IDF-II) or somatomedins does what?

Back 36

stimulates target cells in diverse tissues; can prolong the action of GH since its half-life is short

Front 37

4 functions of GH-IGF

Back 37

1. protein synthesis
2. lipid metabolism
3. CHO metabolism
4. Electrolyte balance

Front 38

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Back 38

releases tropic hormones

increases release of OT release

Front 39

Name the structure that is attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum

Back 39

pineal gland

Front 40

involution?

Back 40

shrinks; pineal gland undergoes involution

Front 41

What is seasonal affective disorder?

Back 41

depression that occurs to people in places without sun; has to do with the pineal gland

Front 42

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Back 42

melatonin: from serotonin, helps during the night to sleep

Front 43

Name the structure that is located in the mediastinum, superior to heart

Back 43

thymus
(part of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune system)

Front 44

Where do T cells mature

Back 44

the thymus

Front 45

Largest endocrine gland is ____

Back 45

the thyroid gland

Front 46

What are thyroid follicles?

Back 46

sacs that compose most of the thyroidfilled with; contain colloid (protein)

Front 47

What is the calorigenic effect?

Back 47

increases heat production

Front 48

What do calcitonin or parafollicular cells do?

Back 48

produce calcitonin that increases blood Ca+2, promotes Ca+2 deposition and bone formation especially in children

Front 49

The parathyroid gland secretes hormones in response to __

Back 49

hypocalcemia

Front 50

Name the structure that is a small gland that sits on the top of each kidney; retroperitoneal

Back 50

adrenal gland (consists of the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex)

Front 51

What does the adrenal medulla do?

Back 51

inner core (10-20% of the gland), dual natural (both endocrine and sympathetic ganglion), it stimulates release of epinephrine

Front 52

The adrenal medulla increases? decreases?

Back 52

increase: BP, HR, blood flow to muscles, airflow, metabolic rate
decreases: digestion and urinary sys

Front 53

The adrenal cortex does what?

Back 53

produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticostercoids

Front 54

3 layers of the adrenal cortex

Back 54

zona glomerulosa (outer), zona fasciculata (middle), zona reticularis (inner)

Front 55

3 major corticosteroids

Back 55

1. mineralocortoids
2. glucocortoids
3. sex steriods

Front 56

mineralocorticoids

Back 56

is in the outer layer; control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention and K + excretion

Front 57

glucocorticoids

Back 57

is in the middle layer; stimulates fat and protein catabolism and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood

Front 58

sex steroids

Back 58

is in the inner layer; androgen sets the libido and estradiol is important after menopause

Front 59

Pancreatic hormones:
1. glucagon
2. insulin
3. hyperglycemic hormones
4. hypoglycemic hormones

Back 59

1. raises blood glucose; from alpha cells
2. lowers blood glucose; from beta cells
3. raises blood glucose (glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, corticosterone)
4. lowers blood glucose (insulin)

Front 60

What type of hormones do ovaries and testes use? and secrete what?

Back 60

both exocrine and endocrine

inhibin

Front 61

What are the three chemical classes of hormone chemistry?

Back 61

1. steroids
2. peptides and glycoproteins
3. monoamines

Front 62

All hormones are made from either __ or __ with carbohydrates added to make glycoproteins

Back 62

cholesterol

amino acids

Front 63

Monoamines and peptides are ___ and mix easily with blood plasma

Back 63

hydrophilic

Front 64

bound hormone

unbound hormone

Back 64

1. attached to transport protein
2. can leave capillary to reach target cell

Front 65

hydrophobic hormones include:

hydrophilic hormones include:

Back 65

steroids and thyroid hormone; penetrates plasma membrane

monoamines and peptide; cannot pass through the membrane

Front 66

Hormones are extremely potent chemicals and can have enzyme ___

Back 66

amplification

Front 67

What is the metabolic clearance rate (MCR)? half-life?

Back 67

the rate of hormone removal

the length of time it takes 50% of the hormone to leave the blood

Front 68

Up-regulation

Down-regulation

Back 68

a cell increases hormone receptors- more sensitive

a cell decreases hormone receptors- less sensitive

Front 69

Synergistic effects?
Permissive effects?
Antagonistic effects?

Back 69

1. hormones work together to produce a greater effect
2. one hormone enhances response to another hormone
3. one hormone opposes the action of another

Front 70

Stress response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 70

when the body reacts to stress in a consistent way; raises cortisol levles

Front 71

3 stages of stress

Back 71

alarm reaction
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion

Front 72

Alarm reaction?

Back 72

initial response to stress; cortisol is produced

Front 73

Stage of resistance?

Back 73

second reaction to stress; in which the first priority is to provide alternative fuels for metabolism

Front 74

Stage of exhaustion?

Back 74

third reaction to stress; when the fat is depleted, stress overwhelms homeostasis, marked by the rapid decline and death

Front 75

Paracrine secretions are chemical messengers that ___

Back 75

diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells

Front 76

Hyposecretion?

Hypersecretion?

Back 76

inadequate hormone release

excessive hormone relase

Front 77

Acromegaly?

Back 77

thickening of the bones and soft tissue

Front 78

1. congenital hypothyroidism?
2. myxedema?

Back 78

1. decrease thyroid horomones; abnormal bone growth, thickened features
2. adult hypothyroidism, decreased thyroid hormones; low metabolic rate, sluggish

Front 79

3. endemic goiter?
4. toxic goiter?

Back 79

3. enlarged thyroid gland, dietary iodine deficiency
4. graves disease, increased thyroid hormones

Front 80

hypoparathyroid?

hyperparathyroid?

Back 80

parathyroid disorders:
1. during thyroid surgery, fatal 3-4 days
2. tumor in gland; causes deformed bones; increases blood calcium

Front 81

crushing syndrome?

adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)

Back 81

1. excess cortical secretion
2. enlargement of external sex organs, masculinizing effects