A&p Ii Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

Front 1

site of external respiration

Back 1

alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Front 2

external respiration

Back 2

aka pulmonary gas exchange; the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction

Front 3

site of internal respiration

Back 3

systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Front 4

internal respiration

Back 4

aka systemic gas exchange; gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

Front 5

vocal cords

Back 5

folds of tough tissue (mucous membranes) within the larynx; as air moves over the cords they vibrate and produce sound; stretched make high pitched sounds and relaxed make low pitch sounds

Front 6

sound

Back 6

originates from the vibration of the vocal folds; the pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses all at as resonatiing chambers; muscles of the face, tongue, and libps form words.

Front 7

nasal cavity

Back 7

lined with mucous membrane – warms and moistens air - trapping particles - hairs filter the air

Front 8

pharynx

Back 8

the throat; funnel shaped tube; muscular tube lined by mucous membrane in three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 9

larynx

Back 9

Connects pharynx with trachea;

Front 10

epiglottis

Back 10

a flap to prevent food from going into the trachea; part of pharynx

Front 11

glottis

Back 11

during swallowing, it is covered by the epiglottis

Front 12

thyrold cartilage

Back 12

Adam’s apple

Front 13

cricoid cartilage

Back 13

connects the larynx and the trachea

Front 14

tracheal cartilage

Back 14

holds the shape of the trachea

Front 15

trachea

Back 15

extends from larynx to primary bronchi - smooth muscular tube held open by the C-rings of hyaline cartilage - lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 16

Bronchi

Back 16

where the trachea divides into the left and right primary bronchi (tubes); continues and divides into smaller and smaller tubes (branches) deep into lung tissue; walls contain cartilaginous rings

Front 17

bronchiole

Back 17

wall contain smooth muscle

Front 18

Bronchial Tree

Back 18

trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

Front 19

Lungs

Back 19

fills the the thoracic cavity; enclosed by pleural membrans that enclose and protect them.

Front 20

pleural membrane

Back 20

double layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung;

Front 21

parietal pleura

Back 21

superficial of pleural membrane that is attached to the thoracic cavity wall

Front 22

visceral pleura

Back 22

deep layer that covers the lungs

Front 23

pleural cavity

Back 23

lubricating fluid that is secreted between pleural layers to keep them slippery (surface tension)

Front 24

right lung

Back 24

has 3 lobes

Front 25

left lung

Back 25

has 2 lobes

Front 26

hilum

Back 26

where blood vessels and airways enter the lungs forming the “root” of the lungs

Front 27

lobules

Back 27

microscopic compartments where bronchiopulmonary segments end: functional units of the lungs

Front 28

lobules contain

Back 28

lymphatics; arterioles and venules; respiratory and terminal bronchioles; alveolar, ducts, sacs, aveoli

Front 29

Alveoli

Back 29

small grape-like clusters of elastic sacs located at the ends of the bronchiopulmonary segments and surrounded by capillaries

Front 30

alveolar walls

Back 30

one layer of simple squamous epithelium; where O2 and CO2 are exchanged

Front 31

septal cells

Back 31

type of aveolar cell that produces fluid that moistens the cell and releases surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing following expiration

Front 32

ventilation

Back 32

air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles.

Front 33

rate of airflow and breathing effort

Back 33

is influenced by alveolar surface tension, compliance of the lungs and airway resistance

Front 34

breathing

Back 34

requires muscular activity and changes in chest size (thoracic cavity); air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure; air moves out of the lungs when pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

Front 35

COPD

Back 35

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; chronic obstruction of air flow into the lungs; ex. emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Front 36

Emphysema

Back 36

destruction of the walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation; less surface area for gas exchange

Front 37

chronic bronchitis

Back 37

excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough that last 3 months for two successful years; smoking leading cause.

Front 38

asthma

Back 38

chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli and airway obstruction; trigger is an allergen

Front 39

tuberculosis

Back 39

highly communicable bacterial infection - destroys lungs - leaves fibrous tissue behind

Front 40

coryza

Back 40

common cold

Front 41

influenza

Back 41

caused by virus; symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches

Front 42

pneumonia

Back 42

acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli

Front 43

cystic fibrosis

Back 43

hereditary disease mucus clogs respiratory passages (also pancreas, salivary and sweat glands)

Front 44

pulmonary edema

Back 44

excess fluid in lungs; can be a sign of congestive heart failure

Front 45

SARS

Back 45

severe acute respiratory syndrome) - emerging infectious disease with a high fatality rate

Front 46

Boyle’s Law

Back 46

pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (chest cavity)

Front 47

Tidal Volume

Back 47

the volume of one breath of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal respiratory cycle - about 500 mL into and out of the lungs

Front 48

dead space

Back 48

150 mL stays in the conducting airways - as anatomic (respiratory) dead space (usually equal to your ideal weight)

Front 49

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Back 49

maximum volume that can be moved into respiratory tract after normal inspiration (3100 mL/male, 1900 mL/female)

Front 50

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Back 50

– maximum volume that can be forced out of respiratory tract after a normal expiration (1200 mL/male, 700 mL/female)

Front 51

residual volume (RV)

Back 51

volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration keeps alveoli slightly inflated (1200 mL/male, 1100 mL/female)

Front 52

process of respiration

Back 52

3 steps - 1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. external (pulmonary) respiration (exchange of gas at the aveoli and pulm. capillaries 3. Internal respiration (exchange of gas at tissue level and cellular level)

Front 53

inhalation

Back 53

aka inspiration; contraction of the diaphragm (goes down) and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax (lift ribs up), decreasing pressure in the thorax - air rushes in - the lungs expand

Front 54

exhalation

Back 54

aka expiration; diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax - chest wall and lungs recoil as thoracic volume decreases - intrapleural and alveolar pressures increase; air is forced out of lungs; passive process

Front 55

Dalton’s Law

Back 55

each gas in a gas mixture exerts its own pressure (think of pressure as a concentration) as if no other gasses are present; total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gasses = p

Front 56

Henry’s Law

Back 56

the amount of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient (attraction for water); explains why divers can get the bends if they surface to quickly.

Front 57

muscles of inhalation

Back 57

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm

Front 58

muscles of exhalation

Back 58

internal intercostasl, external obliques, transverse abdominus; rectus abdominis

Front 59

alveolar surface tension

Back 59

a force that causes the alveoli to have the smallest possible diameter

Front 60

alveolar surface tension during inhalation

Back 60

surface tension must be overcomeso that the alveoli can expand

Front 61

alveolar surface tension during exhalation

Back 61

surface tension helps the alveoli to ‘snap back’ to their original size

Front 62

surfactant

Back 62

a substance that enables the surface tension to change and prevent the alveoli fromcollapsing (like a deflated balloon) during exhalation

Front 63

eupnea

Back 63

normal pattern of quiet breathing

Front 64

apnea

Back 64

temporary absence or cessation of breathin

Front 65

dyspnea

Back 65

diifuclt or labored respiration

Front 66

tachypnea

Back 66

rapid breathing

Front 67

costal breathing

Back 67

shallow breathing

Front 68

diaphragmatic breathing

Back 68

deep breathing

Front 69

cartilaginous rings

Back 69

are replaced with plates of cartilage in primary bronchi and disappear in the bronchioles

Front 70

carina

Back 70

internal ridge at the point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi

Front 71

passive breathing

Back 71

normal pattern of quiet breathing; no muscular contractions are involved

Front 72

control of respiration

Back 72

Respiratory center sends nerve impulses to respiratory muscles - located in reticular formation of brain stem

Front 73

areas of respiratory center of brain

Back 73

medullary rhythmicity area; pneumotaxic area; apneustic area

Front 74

medullary rhythmicity area of brain

Back 74

controls the basic rhythm of respiration within two areas: inspiratory - sets the basic rhythm of respiration proprioceptors in joints and muscles activate inspiratory center during exercise to bring in more oxygen; expiratory - activated during high levels of ventilation controls the muscles used during forced expiration

Front 75

pneumotaxic area

Back 75

coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration - nerve impulses shorten the duration of inhalation

Front 76

apneustic area

Back 76

“tells” inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and thereby ‘inhibit’ expiration

Front 77

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Back 77

3 ways: dissolved in blood plasma; combined with the globin partof the Hb molecule to form: carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2); transported as part of bicarbonate (HCO3)

Front 78

hypoxia

Back 78

oxygen deficiency at tissue level;

Front 79

anemic hypoxia

Back 79

too little functioning hemoglobin; hemorrhage; anemia; carbon monoxide poisoning

Front 80

ischemic hypoxia

Back 80

too little O2 reaches tissues fast enough; heart failure and shock

Front 81

histotoxic hypoxia

Back 81

toxic agents prevent tissues the proper use of O2; cyanide poisoning