A&p Ii Chapter 22 - Lymphatic System

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NK Cells

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natural killers cells; lymphocytes found in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow; attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusal plasma membrane proteins.

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B-Cells

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a lymphocyte that can develop into a clone of antibody-producing plasma cells or memory cells when properly stimulated by a specific antigen; produced and developed in bone marrow

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T-Cells

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a lymphocyte that becomes matures in the thymus and can differentiate into helper t cells or cytotoxic T cell, both of which function in cell-mediated immunity; produced in bone marrow; directly attacks cells invaded by pathogens

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Cytotoxic T-Cells

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the soldiers that march forth to do battle with foreign invaders in CMI response. they destroy infected target cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.

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cytotoxic T-Cells

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release granules containing perforin that punch holes in target cell

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cytotoxic T-Cells

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secrete lymphotoxin that activates enzymes in the invading cell - causes its DNA to fragment

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cytotoxic T-Cells

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secrete gamma-interferon – activates more phagocytes

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functions of lymphatic system

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Drains excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces; transports dietary lipids and vitamins from GI tract to the blood; promotes immune responses in which specialized cells recognize microbes and abnormal cells and respond by killing them directly or secreting antibodies that cause their destruction

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T-Cells

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effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer and tissue transplants

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Memory T-cell

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remain in immune system to recognize a specific invader should it come back

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b-Cells

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effective against bacteria

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Helper T Cells

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produces more cytokines that increase phagocytic activity

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cytokines

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small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation.

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CMI

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cell mediated immunity; cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens

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immunity

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the ability of the body to defend itself against SPECIFIC invading agents - bacteria, toxins, viruses, animal dander, etc.

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specificity

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means that the body can recognize self & non-self (what doesn’t belong)

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memory (immunity)

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immune response processes enable the body to produce an even more vigorous response to invaders the second time they invade

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antigens

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Any foreign material - microbes, parts of microbes, bacterial toxins, pollen, transplanted organs, incompatible blood cells – gets into the body past nonspecific defenses; Provoke an immune response - cause the formation of cells or antibodies that react to and try to destroy them

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antibody-mediated immunity

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aka humoral immunity; B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete specific proteins called antibodies.

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Helper T-cells

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aid the immune responses in both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

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antibodies

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An antibody is a protein that fights the specific antigen that triggered its production

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lymphatic vessels

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begin as dead-end lymph capillaries in tissue spaces between cells

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lymph

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excess interstitial fluid that drains into lymphatic capillaries; makes one way trip from tissues towards the heart

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lymph capillaries

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merge to form larger vessels, called lymphatic vessels, which carry lymph through lymph nodes

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lymph capillaries

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have overlapping endothelial cells which work as valves – keep lymph flowing in one direction - back toward the heart; lymph is filtered through lymph nodes that are scattered along the lymph vessels – nodes trap pathogens

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lymph capillaries of the small intestines

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located in the villi and a responsible for transporting nutrients; called lacteals

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flow of lymph

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a result of the milking action of skeletal muscle contractions and respiratory movements

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lymph trunks

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joined lymph vessels; drains lymph into venous blood plasma.

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interferon

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antimicrobial substance released from lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts; they infuse into neighboring cells where they induce the synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication.

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inflammation

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Initiated when damaged cells release chemical signals – phagocytes arrive to kill invaders

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signs of inflammation

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redness, heat, swelling, pain

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function of inflammation

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to trap microbes, toxins or foreign material, kill them & begin tissue repair

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fever

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Abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset; Occurs during infection & inflammation bacterial toxins trigger release of fever-causing cytokines such as interleukin-1

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benefits of fever

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intensifies effects of interferons, inhibits bacterial growth, speeds up tissue repair

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first line of defense

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skin and mucous membranes

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Cytotoxic T-Cells

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can recognize protein ‘ID tags’ in transplanted organs as foreign – attack and destroy the organ (rejection)

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passive immunity

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antibodies and anti-venoms that are not produced by your body’s immune system, give you passive (and temporary) immunity

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active immunity

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vaccinations and getting diseases that cause your immune system to develop memory cells

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primary lymphatic organs

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red bone marrow and the thymus; where stem cells divide and mature into B and T lymphocytes

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secondary lymphatic organs

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lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic nodules; sites where most immune responses occur

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route of lymph flow

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lymph capillaries, to lymphatic vessels to lymph trunks to the thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) and the right lymphatic duct to the subclavian veins.

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lymph nodes

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encapsulated, egg-shaped structures located along lymphatic vessels; to filter lymph fluid

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lymph nodes

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trap foreign substances, remove damaged cells; contain T cells, macrophages, and B cells; site of proliferation of plasma cells and T cells

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lymph

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enters lymph nodes thru afferent lymphatic vessels, is filtered, tand exits thru efferent lymphatic vessels.

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spleen

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filters blood, destroys pathogens; consists of white pulp and red pulp;

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white pulp

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splenic tissue; full of lymphocytes and macrophages

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red pulp

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splenic tissue; venous sinuses filled with blood and splenic tissue: serves as a blood reservoir

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lymph nodules

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concentrations of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the c. t. of mucous membranes in the: GI tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, respiratory airways; referred to as MALT

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MALT

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mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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lymph nodules

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multiple large aggregations of nodules can be found in specific parts of the body:Peyer’s patches - in the ileum of the small intestine; appendix - possible immune functions; tonsils (5) - forming a ring at top of throat

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tonsils

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tonsils (5) - forming a ring at top of throat; pharyngeal (adenoid) posterior wall/nasopharynx; palatine (2) posterior region of oral cavity (tonsillectomy); lingual (2) base of the tongue (may also remove)

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innate immunity

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nonspecific resistance to disease; includes chemical, physical and internal defenses.

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physical defenses

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skin (epidermis) keeps microbes out, shedding of dead epidermis cells helps remove microbes; mucous membranes secrete sticky mucous; traps microbes, cilia on nearby cells sweep them away;tears, urine and saliva wash microbes away

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chemical defenses

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sebum inhibits growth bacteria & fungus; perspiration contains lysozymes - breakdown bacteria; acidic pH of gastric & vaginal secretions destroy bacteria

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internal defenses (innate immunity)

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Kick in when invaders get into the body; Includes antimicrobial proteins, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, fever

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Five phases of Phagocytosis

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(1)Chemotaxis; (2)Adherence; (3)Ingestion; (4)Killing; (5)Digestion

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histocompatibility

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tissue typing is done before any organ transplant - if the ‘ID tags’ on the patient’s cells are similar to those on the organ cells - rejection is less likely to happen

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vaccinations

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put weakened (won’t make you sick) pathogens into the body; the immune system recognizes the pathogens and attacks them, produces memory cells; memory cells stay in the body – attack the pathogens and destroy them if they try to get into the body again