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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the digestive system do?
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processes food, extracts nutrients from it, and eliminates residue
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Ingestion
Digestion Absorption Compaction Defecation |
1. selective food intake
2. mechanical and chemical breakdown 3. uptake of nutrients in intest 4. absorbing water and consolidating 5. eliminating feces |
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Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion |
physical
breaks down macromolecules |
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what does the digestive tract (GI) consist of?
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines
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what are the accessory organs?
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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List the layers of the digestive tract tissues
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa |
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What is the connective tissue that suspend the stomach and intestine? function?
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mesenteries
preventing tangling and protects from contractions |
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Lesser omentum
greater omentum |
stomach to the lower liver
hangs from lower regions of stomach to over intestines |
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What does the mesocolon do?
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anchors the colon to the back body wall
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2 types of neural control
short myenteric reflex long vagovagual reflex |
1. swallowing through stretch signals
2. sends sensory signals to the CNS, which give motor signals for digestion |
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Cheeks and lips are essential for ___
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speech and articulation
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babies have __ teeth
adult have __ teeth |
20 decidious
32 |
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3 regions of the lips
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1.cutaneous- upper and lower outside
2. vermilion- red hairless region 3. labial mucosa- inner region that attaches lips to mouth |
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What is another name for lingual papillae?
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taste buds
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Mastication?
Teeth are called ___ |
to chew
dentition |
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What is the joint of the tooth socket?
Inflammation of the gums is called? |
gomphosis
gingivitis |
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List functions of the saliva
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moisten, begin starch & fat digestion, cleanse teeth, inhibit bacteria, bind food together into bolus
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Main region for carb digestion? protein digestion? fat digestion? water absorption?
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1. mouth
2. stomach 3. small intestine 4. large intestine |
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Extrinsic glands of the mouth
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parotid, submandibular and sublingual
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What is the saliva consist of?
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1. salivary amalse (starch)
2. lingual lipase (fat) 3. mucus 4. lysozyme 5. Immunoglobin A 6. electrolytes |
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Intrinsic glands of the mouth
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under mucous membrane of mouth, lips, cheeks and tongue
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serous cells secrete ___
mucus cells secrete ___ |
amylase
mucus |
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In the pharynx, the deep skeletal muscle is __ and the surface layer is __
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longitudinal
circular |
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What is the straight, muscular tube (20-3 cm long), with skeletal muscle in upper area and smooth in lower area?
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the esophagus
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what is the buccal phase?
what is the pharyngeal-esophageal phase |
when the tongue pushes the food back into the oropharynx; voluntary
food going down the throat; involuntary |
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Bolus
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slippery, soft, easily swallowed mass
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___ is the opening to the stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter does what? |
cardiac orifice
prevents food from regurgitating |
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stomach-acid reflux
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heart burn
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peristalsis
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muscle contractions that pushes the bolus
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4 regions of the stomach
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1. cardiac
2. fundic 3. corpus 4. pyloric |
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The stomach receives signals from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves (T/F)
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true
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What is the hepatic portal circulation?
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where the blood is drained to the liver to be cleaned
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Functions of the gastric cells
1. mucous cells 2. regenerative cells 3. parietal cells 4. chief cells 5. enteroendocrine cells |
1. secrete mucus
2. reproduce 3. produce HCl, intrinsic factor, hunger hormone (ghrelin) 4. gastric lipase (fat) and pepsinogen (protein) 5. regulate digestion |
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How much gastric juice is produced per day?
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2- 3 L
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Zymogens digest?
Pepsin digest? lipase digest? |
enzymes
protein fat |
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____ is essential in the absorption of Vitamin B 12
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intrinsic factor
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___ is signaling molecules produced in digestive tract + CNS
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gut-brain peptides
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What is the function of the duodenum?
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to neutralize the stomach acid
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What is it called when the food arrives to the stomach and briefly resists, then relaxes and stretches because of pacemaker cells
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receptive-relaxation response
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forceful ejection of chyme is called ___ and is regulated by the ___
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vomiting
emetic center of the MO |
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Retching?
Projectile vomiting? |
gagging
no prior gagging |
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3 ways the stomach protects against stomach acid
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1. mucous coat
2. tight junctions 3. epithelial cell replacement (every 3-6 days) |
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tissue break down in the stomach is called ___
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ulcers
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3 phases of gastric function
1. cephalic phase 2. gastric phase 3. intestinal phase |
1. response to sight, smells, thought of food
2. gastric secretions occur 3. duodenum responds to arriving chyme |
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What muscle controls the chyme entering the duodenum?
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pyloric sphincter
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How many lobes does the liver contain?
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4 (right, left, quadrate, caudrate)
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What are the channels called where the blood passes through the liver to be filtered?
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hepatic sinusoids by the hepatocytes then continues to the central vein
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What makes up the hepatic triad?
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hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery bile duct |
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___ are hard masses formed by cholelithasis; and uses lithotripsy to break them up
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gallstones or billary caniculi
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What is the main function of the gallbladder?
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to store and concentrate bile
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What is the pathway of the bile from the liver (6 steps)
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1. bile cancliculi
2. bile ductules 3. R and L hepatic ducts to common duct 4. cystic and bile duct\ 5. hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. hepatopancreatic sphincter (oddi) |
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What do hepatic macrophages (kupffer cells) do in the liver?
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remove bacteria and debris from the blood
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2 functions of the pancreas
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endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (pancreatic juice) secretions
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What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
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1. duodenum (first 25cm)
2. jejunum (first 40%) - most digestion occurs here 3. ileum (last 60%) - ileocecal valve regulates food to large intestines |
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2 kinds of epithelium cells that cover the vili in small intest?
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1. goblet absoptive cells (enterocytes)
2. mucus |
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plicae circulars are located where?
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circular folds in the small intestine
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Duodenal (brunner) glands do what?
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neutralize the stomach acid in the chyme
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What are the 3 reasons the stomach contracts?
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1. to mix the chyme
2. bring it to contact with the vili 3. to move it towards the large intestine |
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Purpose of segmentation?
Purpose of peristalsis? |
to mix
to move it |
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What is solvent drag?
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the use of water to carry nutrients and glucose
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The parathyroid hormones reacts in response to a drop in ___ levels
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calcium
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Diarrhea?
Constipation? |
due to excess water in large intes
due to lack of water in large intes |
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Name the regions of the large intestine
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cecum
colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid region) anal canal |
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What type of cells are located in the large intestines?
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simple columnar epithelium,
lower half is stratified squamous |
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bacterial floa?
flatus? |
over 800 species of bacteria in colon
intestinal gas |
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how long does it take to digest food completely?
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12-24 hrs
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2 types of reflexes in defecation
1. intrinsic 2. parasympathetic |
1. stretch signals
2. intensifies peristalsis and relaxes internal sphincters |
