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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is an attachment?
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- A Strong emotional bond between 2 people. - 2 way process that continues over time & is characterised by a desire to maintain proximity. |
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Outline Reciprocity.
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- Reciprocal = 2 way or something that is mutual. Infants co-ordinate their actions w/ caregivers in a kind of conversation (like turn taking). - Regularity allows individuals to anticipate other's behaviour and respond appropriately. - E.G of reciprocity = Smile - when a smile occurs in the infant triggers a smile in the caregiver. - Sensitive responsiveness by caregiver lays the foundation for later attachment between caregiver & infant & helps to strengthen the attachment bond. Also shapes how the child will relate to the world, learn & form relationships. |
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Outline Research into Reciprocity: Still Face Experiment
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- @ start mum & baby are both playing. - Mum then disengages & becomes unresponsive, breaking the reciprocity. - Baby attempts to entice mum to re-engage by smiling & reaching out her arms. - The baby then becomes emotionally agitated. - Baby gives up. - If mum re-engages so does the baby. |
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Outline Interactional Synchrony
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= Is a form of rhythmic interaction between caregiver & infant, involving mutual focus, reciprocity & mirroring of emotion or behaviour. - Both are able to anticipate how each other will behave an elicit a particular response from the other. (CG laughing b/c baby is giggling, so tickles them.) - Interactional synchrony is most likely to develop if the CG attends fully to the baby's state, provides playful stimulation when the infant is alert & attentive. - This form of imitation is used to sustain communication & is also important building block for later social & cognitive development.
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Outline Research into Interactional Synchrony: Meltzoff & Moore.
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Procedure - Controlled observation to study caregiver-infant interactions in babies. - An adult displayed 1/3 facial expressions or 1/3 distinctive gestures. - The child's responses were filmed & identified by independent observers. Findings - Association between the infant behaviour & adult role model's. Conclusion - Research supports the idea that a baby's ability to imitate their caregiver is innate & aids the formation of attachments. |
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Limitation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans: Problems w/ Validity when Testing Infant-Caregiver Interactions
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-Infant's behaviour may be altered when being observed in a controlled observation, especially in artificial environments. - Infants therefore need to be observed in a natural setting to improve the validity of the findings. - Further limitation = most research is observational so there may be bias in observer interpretation - may also affect the validity. - To improve this, mother & infant need to be filmed, often from multiple angles. = Ensures that very fine details of behaviour are recorded & later analysed using more than 1 observer so that inter-observer reliability can be found. |
- When may an infant's behaviour change? - Therefore where do infants need to observed & give example? - What is a further limitation by it being an observation. - How may this be improved? - What does this ensure? - Why should more than 1 observer be used? |
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Strength of Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans: Practical Application
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- Research has illustrated the importance of these early forms of interaction in the development of attachment bonds. - Has led to changes in hospital procedures when mothers are on the maternity ward. - Mothers & babies are now placed in the same room in the days following the birth, rather than the previous practice of rooming them apart. - This illustrates the practical application. - Strength b/c ensures early attachment bonds are formed. |
- What has research illustrated the importance of? - What changes has this led to in hospital procedures? - What was the previous practice? - Why is this a strength? |
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Limitation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans: Cultural Differences
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- The idea that the baby's ability to imitate the caregiver is innate & aids the formation of attachments has been criticised. - Cross-cultural research has suggested the interactional synchrony is not found in all cultures. - Le Vine reported that Kenyan mothers have little physical interaction w/ their infants but such infants do have a high proportion of secure attachments. - This weakens support for the idea that CG-infant interactions are necessary for healthy attachment formation. |
- What idea has been criticised, "the baby's ability to imitate..."? - What type of research has suggested interactional synchrony has not been found in all cultures? - Le Vine reported that Kenyan mothers have little... - But what do a high proportion of these infants have? - This weakens support for the idea that CG-infant... |
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Limitation of Caregiver-Infant Interactions in Humans: Alternative Explanations
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- Psychologists have criticised the view that an infant's ability to imitate the behaviour is intentional & is an innate response. - Believe instead that the behaviour is acquired through operant conditioning. - E.G, an infant might happen to stick his tongue out after seeing a CG do so. - Consequence = CG smiles, encouraging the infant to repeat the behaviour next time. - Therefore, learned behaviour needs to be taken into account in order to fully understand CG-infant interactions. |
- What view have psychologists criticised? - What do they believe instead? "behaviour is acquired..." - Give an example. - What is the consequence? - Therefore, what needs to be taken into account to fully understand CG-infant interactions? |
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Define stranger anxiety.
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Infant's anxiety response to unfamiliar adults (e.g. when being approached or picked up)
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Define Separation Anxiety.
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The distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her CG.
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Name the 4 stage of Attachment (Schaffer).
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1. Asocial/Pre-attachment 2. Indiscriminate attachment 3. Discriminate attachment 4. Multiple attachment |
Angelina Is Dreamy Mate |
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1. Outline Asocial/Pre-attachment
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- Birth - 3 months. - Infants produce similar responses to all objects (animate or inanimate). -Towards end of stage, begin to show greater preference for social stimuli. - Reciprocity & interactional synchrony play a role in establishing the infant's relationship w/ others. |
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2. Outline Indiscriminate Attachment
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- 3 - 7 months - Infants begin to discriminate between familiar & unfamiliar people, smiling ore @ known people. - Still easily comforted by anyone, don't display stranger anxiety. |
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3. Outline Discriminate Attachment
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- 7 months onwards. - Infants begin to develop specific attachments to 1 person - primary CG. - Shown through separation anxiety & joy on reunion. - Begin to display stranger anxiety as they avoid unfamiliar people & protests if strangers try to handle them. |
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4. Outline Multiple Attachment
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- After main attachment is formed, wider circle of multiple attachments are formed (siblings, grandparents) = secondary attachments - Infants display separation anxiety in these relationships. |
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A,P,F,C of Research into Stages of attachment, multiple, attachments, role of the father (Schaffer & Emerson)
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Aim - Investigate formation of early attachments & identify the distinct stages by which attachments form. Procedure - Longitudinal study - 60 infants from mainly w/c homes in Glasgow. - Mothers & babies were studied each month for 1st yr of their lives in their own home for & again @ 18 months. - Mother reported their infant's responses to separation in 7 everyday siyuations. -Researchers also assessed the infant's anxiety response to unfamiliar adults. Findings - After main attachment, multiple attachments formed, including the father = secondary attachments. - 29% children had secondary attachments w/in a month of forming primary attachment & show separation anxiety in these relationships. - By age of 1 yr majority of infants had developed multiple attachments, w/ a 1/3 of infants having formed 5 or more secondary attachments. - primary attachments weren't always formed w/ person who spent most time w/ infant, but those who responded quickly &sensitively to their needs. Conclusion -Quality of relationship not quantity that mattered most in formation of attachments. |
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Strength of Research into Stages of attachment, multiple, attachments, role of the father: Validity
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- Research has mundane realism. - Study was carried out in the families' own homes & most of observations were done by parents during ordinary activities. - Behaviour of babies was unlikely to be affected by the presence of the observers, pp's behaved naturally. -However, some of mothers may have been less sensitive to their infants' protests - less likely to report them. - Would create a systematic bias which would challenge the validity of the data. |
-What does the research have? - How does it have this? Where were the studies carried out & by who? - What is unlikely to happen to behaviour? -However, some mothers may have been less... -What would this create & what would this do? |
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Limitation of Research into Stages of attachment, multiple, attachments, role of the father: Biased Sample
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- Used a small sample size of 60 babies & their carers from the same district & social class. - Limitation as child-rearing practices vary from one culture to another. - Research was conducted in 1960's & parental care of the children has changed considerably since that time. - More women go out to work so many children are cared for outside of the home (family members or day care). - Questions whether the findings can be generalised to other social & historical contexts. |
- What was the sample size? - They were all from the same what? - Child-rearing practices vary from? - When was the research conducted & why is this a problem? - More women go to work so many children... - What does this question? |
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Limitation of Research into multiple attachments: Are Multiple Attachments as Important as 1 Primary Attachment?
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- Schaffer & Emerson believe infants first form one special emotional relationship & then develop secondary attachments. - Other research into attachments suggested that all attachments are equally important (Rutter) questioning whether there is need for a special relationship w/ 1 central person above others in hierarchy of attachment. - Thomas suggests the tendency to form a single main attachment isn't good for healthy psychological development & may be more desirable to have a variety of diff. attachments that meet the growing needs of infants. - Suggests there is mixed evidence for a hierarchical attachment. |
- What do Schafer & Emerson believe? (1 special emotional relationship). -However what did Rutter suggest? (Equal) What does this question? - What does Thomas suggest? (effect on psychological development). - Mixed evidence |
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Limitation of Research into multiple attachments: Cultural Differences & Multiple Attachments
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- Schaffer & Emerson's research indicates that babies form attachments to a single main CG before developing multiple attachments. - Other psychologists believe that in other cultures, such as collectivist cultures babies form multiple attachments from the onset. - Sagi compared attachments in infants raised in communal environments (nannies) w/ infants raised in family based sleeping arrangements. - Closeness of attachment w/ mother was almost twice as common in family-based arrangements than in the communal environment. - Suggests stage model by Schaffer & Emerson applies specifically to individualistic cultures. |
- What does Schaffer & Emerson's research indicate that babies form? - What do other psychologists believe happens in other cultures (collectivist). - Which environments did Sagi compare infant attachments in? - Closeness of attachment w/ mother was twice as common in which environment? - What does this suggest about the Stage Model by Schaffer & Emerson? |
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Limitation of Research into the Role of the Father: Outdated Evidence
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- Schaffer & Emerson suggested father was less likely to be primary attachment figure, more likely to be secondary. - Now deemed sexist and outdated viewpoint as role of father has change over the yrs. - Support from Cohen showed that number of fathers who stayed @ home & cared for their children had quadrupled over the past 25 yrs. - However, research has suggested there are biological differences in infant-CG interactions. - Geiger showed fathers' play interactions are more exciting & pleasurable than mothers'. - Fathers generally better @ providing challenging situations for their children, while mothers are more nurturing & affectionate. - Biological evidence - female hormones (oestrogen) underlie caring behaviour & high levels of nurturing. - Suggests even father's role has changed & there are gender differences in infant-CG interactions. |
- What did Schaffer & Emerson suggest about the role of the father? - Sexist & outdated... - Cohen showed no. of fathers who... has quadrupled over how many yrs? - Biological differences in... -Geiger showed what about fathers' pay interactions. - Why are mothers more nurturing? |
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Strength of Research into the Role of the Father: Level of Responsiveness
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- Further research into stages of attachment have supported idea that attachments tended to be to the CG who was most interactive & sensitive to infant signals & facial expressions. - Lamb found fathers who become main care providers seem able to quickly develop more sensitivity to children's needs & become safe base from which to explore. - Parke observed fathers' & mothers' behaviour towards new-borns. - Found fathers not only as interested as mothers but just as good @ understading babies cues. - Studies indicate men & women have the same potential to become CG & supports the idea that it is the level of responsiveness that helps in the formation of a secure attachment. |
- Further research into the stages of attachment has supported what idea? - What did Lamb find about fathers who became main care providers? - What did Parke observe? - What did he find about fathers? - What do studies show about men & women? |
