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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the cognitive interview?
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A police technique which encourages witnesses to recreate the original context using 4 structured stages.
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State the 4 techniques used in CI.
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1. Context Reinstatement 2. Report Everything 3. Recall From Changed Perspective 4. Recall in Reverse Order |
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Context Reinstatement Describe the instructions to the witness and why it works. |
Instructions - Interviewee needs to be returned, in their mind to the situation in which it occurred (context). - Need to mentally recreate the external environment & how they were feeling, during & after event. Why It Works - Mental consistency between actual incident & recreated situations (cues) = increased likeliness they will recall more accurately. |
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Report Everything Describe the instructions to the witness and why it works. |
Instructions - Report every detail about event even if it seems irrelevant (no bearing on a crime) Why It Works - Unrestrained recall might throw up details that otherwise might have been inadvertently mentally 'edited out'. - Interviewer's responsibility to decide what is important. |
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Recall From Changed Perspective Describe the instructions to the witness and why it works.
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Instructions - Mentally recreate situation from a different perspective. Why It Works - Info observed can be retrieved through a variety of 'routes' therefore = more effective. |
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Recall in Reversed Order Describe the instructions to the witness and why it works. |
Instructions - Start w/ an aspect of scene which is most memorable & work backwards from that point. Why It Works - Prevents use of schemas: mental short cuts as to what should happen instead make the witness think about what did happen. |
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State Differences Between a Standard Interview & a Cognitive Interview.
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1. S - Free Recall/ CI - Clear order for interviewee to build a picture. 2. S - Possible Leading Questions/ CI - Less susceptible to leading questions. 3. S - Possible less accurate info produced/ CI - More forensically rich detail. 4. S - Easier & less time/ CI - Extended training & lengthy process. 5. S - Cold Answers/ CI - Answers in context |
1. Recall 2. Leading Questions 3. Accuracy 4. Time 5. Type of answers. |
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Strength of Cognitive Interview (in comparison to standard): Some Elements May Be More Valuable Than Others.
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- Milne & Bull found that each individual element was equally valuable. - Each technique used singly produced more info than the Standard interview. - However, combo of Report Everything & Context Reinstatement produced better recall than any other conditions. - Strength = @least these 2 elements should be used to improve police interviewing even if full CI isn't used. |
- Milne & Bull found what about each individual element? - And produced more... - Combo of which elements produced better recall than other conditions? - Why is it a strength,even if full CI isn't used? |
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Strength of Cognitive Interview (in comparison to standard): There is Support For the Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview. |
- Geiselman et al showed pp's police training vids of simulated violent crimes - 48 hrs later they were interviewed about the films y an experienced Los Angeles police officer using the conditions; cognitive interview, standard police interview, or an interview using hypnosis. - Found that cognitive interview elicited the most accurate recall, followed by hypnosis & then standard interview. - Strength b/c clearly demonstrates how CI can be used to enhance recall. |
- What did Geiselman et al show pp's vids of? - 48 hrs later they were interviewed by who? - What were the 3 different conditions? - What did he find? - Why is this a strength? |
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Limitation of Cognitive Interview (in comparison to standard): The Cognitive Interview is Time Consuming
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- Police may be reluctant use CI b/c it takes more time than the standard police interview. - E.G - Time is needed to establish rapport w/ a witness & allow them to relax. - CI also requires special training & many police forces have not been able to provide more than a few hrs of training. - Limitation b/c police forces may not carry out a complete CI = affecting how effective it is. |
- Why may police be reluctant to use CI? - What is time needed for in the interview? - What do police officers need to be able to complete CI, which many police forces haven't been able to provide? - Why is this a limitation? |
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Limitation of Cognitive Interview (in comparison to standard): Cognitive Interview Creates an Increase in Inaccurate Info.
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- Techniques of CI aim to increase the amount of correct info, but recall of incorrect info may also be increased. - Kohnken et al found an 81% increase of correct info but also a 61% increase of incorrect info when compared to a standard police interview. - Problem b/c it questions the accuracy of the procedure in collecting EWT. |
-What does the techniques of CI aim to do? - But what may also happen? - What did Kohnken et al find - 81%... but 61%...? |
