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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A,P of Lorenz's Research (geese)
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Aim - Investigate mother-infants attachment in birds. Procedure - Lab experiment & randomly divided clutch of gosling (independent groups design) - Control group= half the eggs were left w/ the mother goose in their natural environment. - Experimental group= half the eggs were placed in an incubator. When they hatched the first moving object they saw was Lorenz. - Test the effects of imprinting Lorenz marked the 2 groups to distinguish them & placed together. Both Lorenz & their natural mother were present. - Long term effects = Lorenz also followed the geese into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect. |
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F,C of Lorenz's Research (geese)
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Findings - Experimental group (saw Lorenz first) followed him closely, as if he were their mother & appeared to have formed a rapid attachment w/ him. - Control group followed their biological mother. - The 2 groups separated to go to their 'respective' mothers - half goose, half Lorenz. - Long term effects = Process of imprinting is irreversible & long lasting. - Early imprinting had an effect on later mate preferences, called sexual imprinting. - Critical Period= Period which imprinting needed to have taken place. - If imprinting doesn't occur w/in this time, Chicks didn't attach themselves to a mother figure. Conclusion - Lorenz's research highlighted the importance of imprinting & also how attachments have an evolutionary advantage. - B/c young animals that follows its Mother is more likely to be safe from predators, to be fed & to learn how to find food - increase chance of survival & natural selection. |
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Strength of Lorenz's Research: Research support for imprinting.
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- Guiton exposed leghorn chicks to yellow rubber gloves whilst feeding them, first few weeks after birth. - Found they became imprinted on the glove. - Supports view that young animals aren't born w/ a predisposition to imprint on a specific object but on any moving object that is present during the critical window of development. - However, many psychologists now dispute Lorenz's view that imprinting is permanent & has long term effects. - in Guiton's research, when chicks matured, this early imprint acted as a mate template. - However, after chicks spent some time w/ their own species, they engaged in normal mating behaviour. - Therefore illustrates how imprinting can be reversed. |
- What did Guiton expose Leghorn Chicks to? - What did he find. -Supports the view that... - Many psychologists now dispute Lorenz's view that... - When the chicks matured what did the early imprinting act as? - However, how was this undone? - What doe this illustrate? |
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A,P of Harlow's Research (monkeys)
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Aim - Demonstrate that attachment wasn't based on the feeding bond between mother & infant as predicted by learning theory. Procedure - Lab experiment in order to rear baby monkeys w. 2 wire model 'mothers'. - Split monkeys into 2 groups (independent groups design). - Condition 1 = milk dispensed by plain wire mother. - Condition 2 = milk dispensed by a cloth-covered monkey. - Monkeys studied for 165 days. - Measurements made of the amount of time each spent w/ the 2 different mothers. - Observations also made of monkey infants responses when frightened by (mechanical teddy). Long term effects = Harlow followed monkeys into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect. |
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F,C of Harlow's Research (monkeys)
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Findings - Baby monkeys spent most time w. cloth-covered monkey whether or not his mother had feeding bottle. - When frightened, all monkeys clung to cloth-covered monkey & when playing w/ new objects kept one foot on them for reassurance. - Long term effects = Motherless monkeys developed abnormally into adulthood. - More aggressive & less sociable & the bred less. - Deprived monkeys neglected their young & others attacked & sometimes killed their children. - Critical period = Mother figure had to be introduced to an infant monkey w/in 90 days for an attachment to form (but observation was 165 days). - After this time, damage done was irreversible. Conclusions - Attachment doesn't develop as a result of being fed but as a result of contact comfort. -Showed the importance of the quality of early relationships for later social development including adult relationships & rearing children. |
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Strength of Harlow's Research: Practical Applications
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- Went against dominant belief that attachment was related to physical care & instead showed importance of emotional care. - Led to important applications w/ both humans & animals. -E.G has helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect & abuse & so intervene to prevent it. - Findings also important in care of captive monkeys as we now understand the importance of adequate attachment figures for babies in zoo & also in breeding programmesin the wild. - Therefore illustrates how Harlow's research has been used in a no. of contexts & has practical value. |
- Harlow's research went against the dominant belief that? - Led to important implications w/ who? - E.G w./ social workers. -Also important in the care of captive monkeys as we now understand... - What does this illustrate. |
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General Evaluation - Limitation: Problems of extrapolation to attachment in human infants
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- Strength = has influenced research into human attachment such as Bowlby's idea of a critical period in human babies. - Although some of the findings have influenced our understanding of human development, there is a problem of extrapolating from findings an animals to human. - Human attachment behaviour is very different to others animals especially as much more of our behaviour is governed by conscious decisions. - Mammalian mothers - more emotional attachment to young than birds. = May not be appropriate to generalise work from animal studies in order to explain human attachment. |
- What is a strength of extrapolation to attachment in human infants? - How is human attachment behaviour is very different to other animals? - Difference between mammalian mothers & birds. - What does this mean? |
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General Evaluation - Limitation: Ethical Issues
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- Both studies created stress to the young animals after being separated from their mothers. -Also caused long term emotional harm as animals found it difficult to form relationships as adults including the formation of appropriate mating strategies. - However, experiments can be justified in terms of the significant effect they have had on our understanding of the process of attachment in humans. - Therefore could be argued that the benefits outweigh the costs to the animals & is something to consider what counts as good science. |
-What did both studies create for the young animals who were separated from their mothers? - How do you know they have experienced long term emotional harm? - How can these experiments be justified? -Talk about cost/benefits. |
