Bio Unit 2 Ch. 12

Front 1

Cell division in unicellular organisms

Back 1

Used to reproduce the entire organism

Front 2

Three uses of cell division in multicellular organisms

Back 2

Development from a fertilized cell, growth, repair

Front 3

Cell cycle

Back 3

Life of a cell from formation to its own division

Front 4

Most cell division is ______ and results in _________

Back 4

Mitotic, and results in daughter cells with identical genetic information, DNA

Front 5

Genome

Back 5

All the DNA in a cell

Front 6

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

Back 6

Chromosomes

Front 7

Somatic cells (2n)

Back 7

Most body cells, they have two sets (pairs) of chromosomes

Front 8

Gametes (n)

Back 8

Reproductive cells, sperm and eggs, have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Front 9

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of

Back 9

Chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Front 10

What happens to DNA in preparation for cell division

Back 10

DNA is replicated

Front 11

Describe duplicated chromosomes

Back 11

They have two sister chromatids, which separate during cell division

Front 12

Centromere

Back 12

The waist of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

Front 13

Eukaryotic cell division consists of

Back 13

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 14

Mitosis

Back 14

The division of the nucleus

Front 15

Cytokinesis

Back 15

The division of the cytoplasm

Front 16

The cell cycle consists of

Back 16

Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

Interphase: G1, normal cell growth

S, copying of chromosomes

G2, growth in preparation for cell division

Front 17

Which phase of the cell cycle is a cell in for the majority of its lifespan

Back 17

A cell will spend most of its life time in interphase

Front 18

List the five phases of mitosis

Back 18

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 19

When is cytokinesis taking place

Back 19

It is well underway by late telophase

Front 20

Mitotic spindle

Back 20

Apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

Front 21

Where does microtubule assembly begin during prophase

Back 21

Microtubule assembly begins in the centrosome

Front 22

What happens to the centrosome

Back 22

The centrosome replicates, forming two centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell

Front 23

What is an aster

Back 23

Radio array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

Front 24

Prophase

Back 24

Centrosomes appear, nuclear membrane disappears

Front 25

Prometaphase

Back 25

Spindle microtubules attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes begin to move the chromosomes

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

The chromosomes are all lined up at the metaphase plate, the midway point between the spindles two poles

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

Sister chromatids separate and move along with the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell

Front 28

Telophase

Back 28

Genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membranes reappear

Front 29

How do microtubules shortem

Back 29

By depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

Front 30

How does a cell elongate

Back 30

Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other

Front 31

Cytokinesis in animal cells

Back 31

Cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow in the plasma membrane

Front 32

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Back 32

A cell plate forms from Golgi vesicles (membrane)

Front 33

How do you prokaryotes reproduce

Back 33

Prokaryotes reproduce by type of cell division called binary fission,

Front 34

Binary fission

Back 34

Chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes move apart as the cell elongates

Front 35

What drives the cell cycle

Back 35

Specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm

Front 36

Cell cycle control system

Back 36

System that directs cell cycle events, it is similar to a Clock

Front 37

Describe the cell cycle control system analogy to a clock

Back 37

The clock has specific check points where the cell cycle stops until I go ahead signal is received

Front 38

What is the most important checkpoint and why

Back 38

G1 checkpoint is the most important, if it receives the go ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint a cell will usually complete the S, G2, and M phases and divide

Front 39

If the cell does not receive the go ahead signal

Back 39

It will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the G0 phase

Front 40

Two types of regulatory proteins that are involved in cell cycle control

Back 40

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

Front 41

MPF

Back 41

Maturation promoting factor, a cyclin dependent kinase that triggers a cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Front 42

Density dependent inhibition

Back 42

Crowded cells stop dividing

Front 43

Anchorage dependence

Back 43

Cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

Front 44

Cancer cells

Back 44

Do not respond normally to the bodies control mechanisms, they divide add an accelerated rate, causing a lump or tumor

Front 45

What is the process by which a normal cells convert it to a cancerous cell

Back 45

Transformation

Front 46

Benign tumor

Back 46

Abnormal cells remain at the original site, can be removed easily

Front 47

Malignant tumor

Back 47

Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors