Bio Unit 2 Ch. 17

Front 1

The information content of DNA is in the form of

Back 1

Specific sequences of nucleotides

Front 2

How does inherited DNA lead to specific traits

Back 2

Dictating the synthesis of proteins

Front 3

What is the link between genotype and phenotype

Back 3

Proteins

Front 4

Gene expression

Back 4

Process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation

Front 5

How was the fundamental relationship between genes and proteins discovered?

Back 5

George beadle and Edward Tatum exposed bread mold x-rays, creating new tenants that were on able to survive on minimum medium as a result of an ability to synthesize certain molecules

Front 6

What was the theory that Edward Tatum and George Beadle came up with

Back 6

One gene – one enzyme hypothesis

Front 7

How has the beadle and Tatum theory evolved

Back 7

Theory was revised to one gene – one protein, but many proteins are composed of several polypeptides, each of which has its own gene, so the hypothesis is now we stated as one gene – one polypeptide hypothesis

Front 8

Transcription

Back 8

Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA, transcription produces messenger RNA = mRNA

Front 9

Translation

Back 9

Synthesis of a polypeptide side which occurs under the direction of mRNA at ribosomes

Front 10

Is mRNA processed before it is transcribed in prokaryotes?

Back 10

No it is not processed

Front 11

Why is this not possible in a eukaryotic cell

Back 11

Nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation, ribosomes are not in the nucleus

Front 12

Why is eukaryotic mRNA processed

Back 12

To yield mature mRNA

Front 13

Primary transcript

Back 13

The initial on a transcript from any gene

Front 14

Central dogma

Back 14

DNA to RNA to protein

Front 15

Triplet code

Back 15

A series of non-overlapping, three nucleotide long words that help information flow from gene to protein

Front 16

Can jeans be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another creating transgenic organisms

Back 16

Yes

Front 17

What enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis

Back 17

RNA polymerase

Front 18

RNA polymerase

Back 18

Prize the DNA strands apart and hugs together the RNA nucleotides

Front 19

What base pairing rules does RNA synthesis follow

Back 19

C and G, A and U

Front 20

Where does RNA polymerize attach on the DNA sequence

Back 20

At the promoter, And it ends at the terminator

Front 21

Transcription unit

Back 21

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed

Front 22

Three stages of transcription

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Initiation, elongation, termination

Front 23

Initiation

Back 23

RNA polymerase binding

Front 24

Elongation

Back 24

RNA polymerize attaches to RNA nucleotides according to base pair rule

Front 25

Can genes be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another creating transgenic organisms

Back 25

Yes

Front 26

What is the strand of DNA called that is copied during transcription

Back 26

Template strand

Front 27

RNA polymerase

Back 27

Prize the DNA strands apart and puts together the RNA nucleotides

Front 28

Transcription factors

Back 28

Mediate the binding of RNA polymerize and the initiation of transcription

Front 29

Where does RNA polymerase attach on the DNA sequence

Back 29

At the promoter, And it ends at the terminator

Front 30

TATA box

Back 30

A promoter that is crucial to forming initiation complex in eukaryotes

Front 31

RNA processing

Back 31

Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modified pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm

Front 32

Modifications made to each end of pre-mRNA

Back 32

The five prime end receives a modified nucleotide five prime cap and the three prime and gets a poly-a tail

Front 33

What functions do these modifications to share

Back 33

Facilitate the export of mRNA, protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes, help ribosomes attached to the five prime end

Front 34

Intron

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Non-coding regions of mRNA

Front 35

Exon

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Coding regions of mRNA

Front 36

Transcription factors

Back 36

Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

Front 37

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter is called a

Back 37

Transcription initiation complex

Front 38

Spliceosomes

Back 38

Consist of a variety of proteins in several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein‘s that recognize the spice sites

Front 39

Ribozymes

Back 39

Catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

Front 40

Three properties of our name enable it to function as an enzyme

Back 40

It can form three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself, some bases and I are in a contain functional groups, our name a hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules

Front 41

What allows a single gene to encode for more than one polypeptide

Back 41

Depends on which segments are considered intron and which segments are considered exons

Front 42

What are these variations called

Back 42

Alternative RNA splicing

Front 43

Exon shuffling

Back 43

May result in the evolution of new proteins

Front 44

What does a cell use to translate mRNA into a protein

Back 44

Transfer RNA, or tRNA

Front 45

What is tRNA

Back 45

Each carries a specific amino acid on one and and each has an anti-codon on the other and the anti-codon base pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA

Front 46

Two steps of accurate translation

Back 46

Correct attachment of a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase, and the correct match between the tRNA anti-codon and the mRNA codon

Front 47

Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme

Back 47

It can form three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself, some bases in RNA contain functional groups, RNA can hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules

Front 48

Codon

Back 48

The mRNA base triplets

Front 49

What facilitates pacific coupling of tRNA anti-codons and MRNA codon is in protein synthesis

Back 49

Ribosomes

Front 50

Exon shuffling

Back 50

May result in the evolution of new proteins

Front 51

The three binding sites for tRNA on a ribosome

Back 51

The P site, A site, and the E site

Front 52

P site

Back 52

Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

Front 53

A site

Back 53

Bulge the tRNA that carries the next arrival amino acid to be added to the chain

Front 54

E site

Back 54

Exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

Front 55

What facilitates specific coupling of tRNA anti-codons and MRNA codons in protein synthesis

Back 55

Ribosomes

Front 56

What are the two ribosome subunits made of

Back 56

One large and one small ribosome subunit, made of proteins and ribosomal RNA or, rRNA

Front 57

What is the order of the three binding sites on the ribosome

Front 58

Three steps that take place during the elongation stage

Back 58

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

Front 59

Which direction are codons read in

Back 59

Five prime to three prime

Front 60

Three nucleotide bases equal

Back 60

One codon which equals one amino acid

Front 61

How many codons are there

Back 61

64, they were all deciphered in the mid-1960s

Front 62

61 codons code for

Back 62

Amino acids

Front 63

What is the order of the three binding sites on the ribosome

Back 63

Front 64

Is genetic code redundant

Back 64

Yes it is very redundant, codons never specify more than one amino acid, but more than one codons can specify for the same amino acid

Front 65

The A site excepts a protein called

Back 65

Release factor, causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid, this reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation assembly then comes apart

Front 66

The A site excepts a protein called

Back 66

Release factor, causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid, this reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation assembly then comes apart

Front 67

Polyribosome, or polysome

Back 67

Many ribosomes translating a single mRNA simultaneously

Front 68

Do free ribosomes or bound ribosomes translate

Back 68

Free ribosomes

Front 69

Spontaneous mutations can occur during

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DNA replication, recombination, or repair

Front 70

Mutagens

Back 70

Physical or chemical environmental agents that can cause mutations

Front 71

In what ways do bacteria and Eukaryotes differ in terms of Translation and transcription

Back 71

They differ in their RNA polymerase is, termination of transcription, and ribosomes, bacteria can simultaneously transcribe and translate the same gene, eukaryotes cannot

Front 72

Gene

Back 72

Can be defined as a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product, either a polypeptide or an hour and a molecule a gene is a discrete unit of inheritance, a region of specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome, DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide chain

Front 73

Mutations

Back 73

Genetic changes in a cell or virus

Front 74

Point mutation

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Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

Front 75

The change in single nucleotide in a DNA template strand can lead to the production of

Back 75

And abnormal protein

Front 76

Two general categories of point mutations

Back 76

Substitutions, or insertions/deletions

Front 77

Base pair of substitution

Back 77

Replaces one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotides

Front 78

Silent mutation

Back 78

Has no effect due to the redundancy in genetic code

Front 79

Missense mutation

Back 79

Still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid

Front 80

In what ways do bacteria and Eukaryotes differ in terms of Translation and transcription

Back 80

They differ in their RNA polymerases, termination of transcription, and ribosomes, bacteria can simultaneously transcribe and translate the same gene, eukaryotes cannot

Front 81

Insertions and deletions

Back 81

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene, These mutations have disasters of fact, they alter the reading frame, producing a frameshift mutation