Unit 2 Bio 12

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid, A double stranded polymer of nucleotides

Front 2

Deoxyrubose sugar

Back 2

Sugar molecule containing five carbons

Front 3

Complementary base pairing

Back 3

Pairing of nitrogenous base

One strand of DNA is opposite of the other

Adenine+thymine and guanine+cytosine

Front 4

Nitrogenous base

Back 4

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Front 5

Nucleotides

Back 5

Molecule consisting of a five carbon sugar with a nitrogenous base attached

Front 6

Phosphate group

Back 6

Group of four oxygen atoms surrounding a central phosphorous atom found in backbone of DNA

Front 7

Antiparallel

Back 7

Describes 2 adjacent nucleotides running 8n opposite directions relative to one another

Front 8

Purine

Back 8

Double ring

Composed of carbon and nitrogen

Front 9

Pyrimidine

Back 9

Single ring

Composed of carbon and hydrogen

Front 10

Phosphodiester Bond

Back 10

A chemical bond of the kind joining successive sugar molecule in a polynucleotide

Front 11

1

Back 11

Hydrogen bonds

Front 12

2

Back 12

Phosphodiester bonds

Front 13

3

Back 13

Glycosidic bond

Front 14

4

Back 14

Adenine

Front 15

5

Back 15

Thymine

Front 16

6

Back 16

Cytosine

Front 17

7

Back 17

Guanine

Front 18

8

Back 18

Deoxyribos sugar

Front 19

9

Back 19

Phosphate

Front 20

Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA using?

Back 20

X ray diffraction

Front 21

Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA using?

Back 21

X ray diffraction

Front 22

Template

Back 22

A single stranded DNa sequence. Acts as guiding pattern to produce a complementary mRNA

Front 23

Semiconservative

Back 23

1/2 of parent strand is "conserved" in both new daughter strands

Front 24

DNA helicase

Back 24

The enzyme that unwinds double helical DNA

Front 25

Single stranded binding proteins (SSBs)

Back 25

A protein that keeps separated strands of DNA apart (prevents annealing)

Front 26

DNA gyrase

Back 26

Enzyme that relieves the tension produced by the unwinding of DNA

Front 27

Replication fork

Back 27

The region where the enzymes replicating a DNA molecule are bound to untwisted, single stranded DNA

Front 28

Replication bubble

Back 28

Where two replication forks are in close proximity to eachother, producing a bubble in replicating DNA

Front 29

Anneal

Back 29

Pairing of complementary strands of DNA through hydrogen bonding

Front 30

RNA primer

Back 30

A sequence of 10-60 RNA bases that is annealed to a region of single-stranded DNA for the purpose of initating DNA replication

Front 31

Primase

Back 31

The enzyme that builds RNA primers

Front 32

Leading strand

Back 32

Synthesized continously during DNA replication

Front 33

Lagging strand

Back 33

Synthesized in short fragments, which later are joined together

Front 34

Okazaki fragments

Back 34

Short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand

Front 35

DNA polymerase 1

Back 35

An enzyme that removes RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate deoxyribonucleotide

Front 36

DNA ligase

Back 36

Enzyme that joins DNA fragments together

Front 37

DNA polymerase 111

Back 37

Enzyme that connects new bases to the old bases in DNA template

Front 38

DNA polymerase 1 and 111

Back 38

Proofreaders, makes sure there's no mistakes. If mistakes are found, the incorrectly paired nucleotide is removed or excised and the correct one is added.

Front 39

DNA is in the shape of?

Back 39

Double helix

Front 40

Nucleotides are made of?

Back 40

Sugar, phosphate, and one nitrogen bases

Front 41

Holds nitrogen bases together?

Back 41

Hydrogen bonds

Front 42

Sugar found in DNA

Back 42

Deoxyribose

Front 43

Sugar in RNA

Back 43

Ribose

Front 44

Chargaffs rule?

Back 44

Amount of A in DNA is always equal to amount of T

Front 45

Showed photograph to Watson and Crick

Back 45

Maurice Wilkins

Front 46

The difference between hydrogen bonds in A+T and G+C

Back 46

A+T 2 bonds, C+G 3 bonds

Front 47

Where do free floating nucleotides come from?

Back 47

From food we eat

Front 48

Enzyme unravels DNA

Back 48

Helicase

Front 49

Enzymes that attaches free floating nicleotides

Back 49

DNA polymerase 111+1

Front 50

Enzyme that connects fragments on lagging strand

Back 50

DNA ligase

Front 51

Prevents Annealing

Back 51

SSBs

Front 52

Relieves tension on unwound strands

Back 52

DNA gyrase

Front 53

RNA that is transcribed from DNA and delivers genetic code to ribosome

Back 53

mRNA

Front 54

Twisted ladder structure

Back 54

Helix

Front 55

Produced xray to identify DNA structure

Back 55

Rosalind Franklin

Front 56

RNA that delivers amino acids to ribosome

Back 56

tRNA

Front 57

Process of DNA transferring code to mRNA

Back 57

Transcription

Front 58

Terms for sequence of 3 nitrogen bases that form a code

Back 58

Codon or triplet

Front 59

Group of three complementary bases on tRNA that pairs with codons on mRNA

Back 59

Anticodon

Front 60

3 steps in both transcription and translation

Back 60

Intation, Elongation, termination

Front 61

Process of reading mRNA to determine protein structure

Back 61

Translation

Front 62

Signals ribosome to attach to mRNA strand

Back 62

Promoter region ahead of start codon

Front 63

Ends protein synthesis

Back 63

Stop codon

Front 64

Three post transcriptional modifications of mRNA

Back 64

5' cap, 3' tail and remove introns

Front 65

Enzyme transcribes mRNA from a DNA template

Back 65

RNA polymerase

Front 66

3 results of mutations

Back 66

Substitution, Addition, and Deletion

Front 67

Mutation that occurs in the introns of mRNA

Back 67

Silent mutation

Front 68

Mutation from result of addition or deletion

Back 68

Frameshift mutation

Front 69

Mutation that causes translation to end early

Back 69

Nonsense mutation

Front 70

A base substitution that alters a codon and results in the wrong amino acid

Back 70

Missense mutation

Front 71

Organelle that is site of protein synthesis

Back 71

Ribosome

Front 72

Thymines replacement in RNA

Back 72

Uracil

Front 73

mRNA is made during? And where?

Back 73

Transcription, in the nucleus

Front 74

DNA is located in?

Back 74

Nucleus

Front 75

Process that converts DNA into mRNA

Back 75

Transcription

Front 76

Makes up ribosomes

Back 76

rRNA

Front 77

Amino acids held together by?

Back 77

Peptide bond

Front 78

Transcription takes place in?

Back 78

Nucleus

Front 79

tRNA is uses what to match to mRNA?

Back 79

Anticodons

Front 80

Proteins made at?

Back 80

Ribosome

Front 81

Where does second step of protein synthesis occurs?

Back 81

Cytoplasm

Front 82

What attaches amino acids into a chain?

Back 82

tRNA

Front 83

tRNA is found in?

Back 83

Cytoplasm

Front 84

Exons

Back 84

Coding

Front 85

Introns

Back 85

Non coding

Front 86

Point mutation

Back 86

Only one base is affected

Front 87

Silent mutation

Back 87

When nucleotide changes, resulting amino acid is still the same

Front 88

Frameshift mutation

Back 88

When base is added or removed

Front 89

Nonsense mutation

Back 89

When it's terminated early

Front 90

Missense Mutation

Back 90

Substitution and incorrect amino acid is placed